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Dlaczego w Polsce nie będzie obowiązku jawności wynagrodzeń w ofertach pracy? Czyli o wyzwaniach dla rozwoju innowacji społecznych w procesach zarządzania ludźmi

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Kulikowski K.
Journal of Modern Science
|
2022
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vol. 48
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issue 1
365-385
EN
In December 2019 a proposal to introduce the obligation to provide transparent information on salaries in job offers was submitted to the Polish parliament. This proposal was criticized by representatives of employers and state administration and received a negative opinion from the Council of Ministers. In this article, we conduct an analysis of these critical comments to find an answer to the question of why there will be no pay transparency in job offers in Poland. The problem of pay transparency has been placed in the broader theoretical context of social innovation. Thematic analysis revealed seven challenges for the pay transparency as a social innovation: 1) preferences to maintain the status quo, 2) pseudo-innovation, 3) mismatch between innovation and reality, 4) resistance from those who lose something through innovation, 5) resistance against the coercion of innovation, 6) conflict of innovation with the axio-normative system, 7) opposition of innovative radicals. Our results reveal specific challenges for the pay transparency in job offers but also allow us to distinguish general categories of challenges for social innovation. Taking into account the growing interest in pay transparency in contemporary societies, our findings might be useful both when implementing pay transparency in business organizations and constitute a theoretical contribution to a better understanding of the development of social innovations.
PL
W grudniu 2019 r. w Sejmie zgłoszono propozycję wprowadzenia obowiązku informowania o wysokości wynagrodzenia na danym stanowisku w ofertach pracy. Spotkała się ona z krytyką ze strony przedstawicieli pracodawców oraz została negatywnie zaopiniowana przez Radę Ministrów. W prezentowanym tekście dokonano analizy tych krytycznych komentarzy w celu znalezienia odpowiedzi na pytanie: dlaczego w Polsce nie będzie jawności wynagrodzeń w ofertach pracy? Problem jawności wynagrodzeń odniesiono nie tylko do wynagradzania, ale umiejscowiono go w szerszym kontekście teoretycznym rozwoju innowacji społecznej w procesach zarządzania ludźmi. Analiza tematyczna ujawniła siedem wyzwań dla jawności wynagrodzeń jako innowacji społecznej: 1) preferowanie zachowania status quo, 2) pseudoinnowacje, 3) niedopasowanie innowacji do rzeczywistości, 4) opór ze strony tych, którzy przez innowacje coś tracą, 5) opór przeciw przymusowi innowacyjności, 6) konflikt innowacji z systemem aksjonormatywnym, 7) sprzeciw innowacyjnych radykałów. Biorąc pod uwagę rozwijające się we współczesnych społeczeństwach zainteresowanie jawnością wynagrodzeń, należy stwierdzić, że prezentowane wyniki dostarczają nowej wiedzy przydatnej w lepszym zrozumieniu natury jawności płac oraz mogą być użyteczne podczas jej planowania i wdrażania w praktyce. Ponadto rezultaty prezentowanych badań wychodzą poza specyficzny kontekst wynagradzania, pokazując ogólne kategorie wyzwań dla rozwoju innowacji społecznej, wnoszą tym samym wkład teoretyczny w badania nad zrozumieniem mechanizmów rozwoju innowacji społecznych.
2
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Empowerment – umacnianie pozycji pracownika w organizacji

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Kulikowski K.
Kwartalnik Nauk o Przedsiębiorstwie
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2017
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vol. 43
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issue 2
58-67
EN
This article presents a comprehensive model of application of employees’ attitudes and opinion surveys in the process of empowerment – strengthening the position of the employees in the organisation. The proposed 10-step model integrates contemporary psychological knowledge of job demands and resources with knowledge of employees’ empowerment. The model structures the process of employees’ attitudes and opinion research, setting out clear objectives in this process, and outlines possible ways of achieving these objectives. As such, the presented model may provide a roadmap, useful for all managers interested in strengthening the position of the employees in the organisation.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia propozycję kompleksowego modelu wykorzystania badań opinii pra-cowników w procesie empowerment – umacniania pozycji pracowników w organizacji. Proponowany dziesięcioetapowy model integruje współczesną wiedzę psychologiczną, dotyczącą wymagań i zasobów pracy, z wiedzą odnoszącą się do wzmacniania pozycji pra-cowników w organizacji. Zaprezentowany model strukturalizuje przebieg procesu badania opinii pracowniczych, wyznacza jasne cele tego procesu oraz nakreśla możliwe sposoby ich realizacji. Model ten można uznać za swoistą mapę drogową, użyteczną dla wszystkich osób zarządzających ludźmi, zainteresowanych wdrażaniem zyskującej na popularności idei wzmacniania pozycji pracownika w organizacji.
3
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Jawność wynagrodzenia jako aktualny problem społeczno-prawny

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Kulikowski K.
Horyzonty Polityki
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2022
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vol. 13
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issue 43
157-174
EN
RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: An attempt to organize the ways of understanding pay transparency and to outline its key dimensions that should be taken into account when planning public policies and creating remuneration regulations. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: Confusion related to pay transparency may lead to the creation of legal norms and regulations that do not correspond to social reality. The text reviews the meanings of pay transparency based on three sources: analysis of the pay transparency in the Polish legal context, analysis of opinions of the Polish society on the pay transparency, analysis of approaches to pay transparency in the scientific literature. Then the revealed meanings were subjected to conceptual analysis. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The first part of the article presents pay transparency as an important, contemporary problem at the junction of legal norms and social expectations. Then, it reviews the meanings of pay transparency in legal, social and research contexts. The last part outlines the dimensions of pay transparency. RESEARCH RESULTS: The obtained results show the pay transparency as an ambiguous concept and indicate that to understand it precisely, it should be described along five dimensions: a) who it will apply to, b) with what precision, c) to what extent it will apply to financial and non-financial components, d) to what extent it will apply to the procedure of compensation system, e) what will be the methods of communicating it. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS: It cannot be assumed that pay transparency is a clear concept that is understood in the same way by different parties. When introducing a reference to pay transparency, whether in the public discourse, in the context of lawmaking, public policies or the creation of remuneration regulations, we should first clearly define what form and scope of the pay transparency we are talking about.
PL
CEL NAUKOWY: Próba uporządkowania sposobów rozumienia jawności wynagradzania oraz nakreślenie jej kluczowych wymiarów, które należy brać pod uwagę planując polityki publiczne i tworząc regulaminy wynagradzania. PROBLEM i METODY BADAWCZE: Zamieszanie terminologiczne związane z jawnością wynagrodzenia może prowadzić do tworzenia norm prawnych oraz regulaminów wynagradzania, które nie odpowiadają rzeczywistości społecznej i oczekiwaniom pracodawców oraz pracowników. W tekście dokonano krytycznego przeglądu znaczeń jawności wynagrodzenia, bazując na trzech źródłach: analizie jawności wynagrodzenia w polskim kontekście prawnym, analizie badań opinii polskiego społeczeństwa na temat jawności wynagrodzeń, analizie podejść do jawności wynagrodzeń w literaturze naukowej z zakresu badań organizacyjnych. Ujawnione znaczenia poddano analizie pojęciowej w celu ich uporządkowania i nakreślenia wymiarów jawności wynagrodzenia. PROCES WYWODU: W pierwszej części artykułu zaprezentowano jawność wynagrodzeń jako aktualny problem na styku norm prawnych i oczekiwań społecznych. Następnie dokonano przeglądu znaczeń jawności w kontekście prawnym, społecznym i badań naukowych. W ostatniej części wyodrębniono wymiary jawności wynagrodzeń. WYNIKI ANALIZY NAUKOWEJ: Uzyskane wyniki pokazują jawność wynagradzania jako pojęcie wieloznaczne i wskazują, że dla precyzyjnego jej rozumienia należy dookreślać ją w pięciu wymiarach: a) kogo ma dotyczyć, b) z jaką precyzją, c) w jakim stopniu dotyczyć ma wynagrodzenia finansowego, a w jakim pozafinansowego, d) w jakim stopniu dotyczyć ma procedur wynagradzania, e) jakie mają być zasady jej komunikowania. WNIOSKI, INNOWACJE, REKOMENDACJE: Gdy wprowadzamy odwołanie do jawności wynagrodzeń, czy to w dyskursie publicznym, w kontekście stanowienia prawa i planowania polityk publicznych, czy to tworzenia regulaminów wynagradzania, powinniśmy jasno określić, o jakiej formie i zakresie jawności wynagrodzeń mówimy.
4
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Do we all agree on how to measure work engagement? Factorial validity of Utrecht Work Engagement Scale as a standard measurement tool – A literature review

100%
Kulikowski K.
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
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2017
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vol. 30
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issue 2
161-175
EN
Work engagement as a predictor of health is an emerging concept in occupational science and the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES) is the most popular work engagement measurement tool. However, despite its popularity, the UWES is not free from controversy concerning its factorial validity. In this paper, 21 research studies on both UWES-9 and UWES-17 factorial validity within the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) approach have been reviewed in order to answer the question as to which of the UWES factorial structures displays greater validity. The originally proposed threefactor structure of the UWES has been recognized as superior in 6 studies. In further 6 studies, the UWES structure with 1 general factor has been found to be superior. In 8 studies, the authors have concluded that the one- and three-factor structures could be considered equivalent. One study has failed to confirm either the one- or three-factor structure of the UWES. These ambiguous results from studies focusing on the UWES factorial validity are puzzling because they not only indicate a lack of validity for the UWES as a measurement tool but might also challenge the whole concept of work engagement as a three-factor structure of dedication, vigor and absorption. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2017;30(2):161–175
5
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Idea uniwersytetu kształcącego ludzi zaangażowanych w pracę

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Kulikowski K.
Studia Edukacyjne
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2018
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issue 50
387-397
EN
The first part of this article introduces the work engagement concept in a framework of the Job Demands-Resources Theory and discusses a relation between work engagement and job crafting. Next, the author presents the hypothesis that university education can form engaged employees by enhancing students’ self-efficacy beliefs about their ability to effectively crafting their future job environments. On the basis of the Social Learning Theory the author proposed three possible methods on how the university community could promote job crafting behaviors among students. These methods are: trainings and persuasions, modeling, or observation of how university top researchers work, and allowing students to experience success in changing different aspects of the university environment.
6
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Związek zaangażowania w studiowanie i wypalenia studiami z osiągnięciami akademickimi

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Kulikowski K.
Kultura i Edukacja
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2016
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issue 1(111)
180-196
EN
This study addresses the question how students’ engagement and burnout are related to academic achievement the grade point average and the number of passed exams. The study involved 205 students. Multiple regression analysis indicated that burnout is direct significant predictor of grade point average, but the engagement is not. Relation between students’ engagement and the grade point average was mediated by level of burnout. Further analysis revealed that students who have passed all the exams in the first term were characterized by lower level of burnout than students who have not passed all the exams in the first term. However, students from both groups did not differ, in the level of study engagement. The results indicate that high academic achievement is related to the lack of a burnout rather than the presence of engagement. Results also show that the grade point average and the number of passed exams are poor indicators of the level of students’ engagement.
7
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Contemporary University PhD programs in the eyes of doctoral students – demands and resources in the context of doctoral study programs. Research report on the opinion-based survey of doctoral students at the Jagiellonian University

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Kulikowski K., Damaziak R.
Nauka
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2017
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issue 2
PL
In the academic community within Poland, there is an ongoing debate about the optimal strategies for a redesign of PhD programs; however, the views of PhD students in relation to contemporary doctoral study programs are not widely known. Therefore, in this article, we aim to answer the following questions: (1) what are the demands and the resources for doctoral studies at the Jagiellonian University (JU) as experienced by PhD students? (2) how are these demands and resources related to study burnout and engagement? To gain answers to these questions, we conducted an on-line opinion-based survey of doctoral students. As a result, 326 JU PhD students completed a questionnaire measuring 26 demands and 23 resources along with measures of study burnout and levels of engagement. The results revealed that the demands of doctoral studies at the JU (as declared by at least half of the respondents) are: the requirement to participate in classes that are perceived as an unproductive use of time, the lack of remuneration for tutoring courses with students, a lack of information about possible career paths subsequent to graduation, the use of PhD students as low-paid workers at the university, a lack of opportunities for financing their own research projects, and an inability to take up employment while studying for a doctoral degree. In terms of resources, at least half of the doctoral students pointed to: discounts on public transport and the provision of free-of-charge access to scientific journals. Analyzing both the frequency and strength of the relationships between resources/demands and burnout/engagement, we have identified four key problem areas: a lack of support from their supervisor, role ambiguity within University structures for PhD students, the conflict between paid work and doctoral studies, and the mandatory participation in classes as a student.
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All employees need job resources – Testing the Job Demands–Resources Theory among employees with either high or low working memory and fluid intelligence

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Kulikowski K., Orzechowski J.
Medycyna Pracy
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2018
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vol. 69
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issue 5
483-496
EN
Background The Job Demands–Resources Theory (JD-R) is one of the most influential theoretical frameworks for explaining work engagement. The JD-R postulates the existence of a health impairment process in which job demands lead to strain, and of a motivational process in which job resources lead to work engagement. Although cognitive functions are among the most important characteristics of employees related to job, still little is known about its moderating role in JD-R processes; hence in this study we make a novel attempt to test the invariance of JD-R propositions among employees at different levels of cognitive functioning. Material and Methods A group of 383 multioccupational employees completed a set of questionnaires measuring job resource: co-worker support, supervisor support, performance feedback; job demands: emotional demands, occupational constraints, work-home interferences; Utrecht Work Engagement Scale; Oldenburg Burnout Inventory along with 2 working memory and 3 fluid intelligence tests. Results The multigroup invariance analysis with latent variables revealed that both the health impairment process and the motivational process as postulated by JD-R are invariant across groups of employees with either high or low levels of fluid intelligence and working memory capacity. Conclusions This result provides the first piece of evidence for JD-R robustness among employees at different levels of cognitive functioning. Our findings counterintuitively suggest that employees with high cognitive functioning are not more resistant to job demands than employees with low cognitive functioning and that in order to be work-engaged they need job resources, no less than their colleagues with low cognitive functioning. Med Pr 2018;69(5):483–496
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Can we measure working memory via the Internet? The reliability and factorial validity of an online n-back task

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Kulikowski K., Potasz-Kulikowska K.
Polish Psychological Bulletin
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2016
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vol. 47
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issue 1
51-61
EN
The aim of this study was to check whether an online n-back task conducted in the uncontrolled environment of the Internet can yield valid and reliable data. For this purpose, 169 participants completed an online n-back task with n1, n2 and n3 blocks on their home computers. The results have shown acceptable reliability for overall accuracy and reaction time indices across n1, n2, n3 blocks, as well as for reaction time indices for each n block. Unacceptable reliability has been found for separate n levels accuracy indices and for response bias indices. Confirmatory factor analysis has revealed that, among 8 proposed measurement models, the best fit for the data collected is a model with two uncorrelated factors: accuracy consisting of n1, n2, n3 indices and reaction time consisting of n2, n3 indices. The results of this study have demonstrated for the first time that a reliable administration of online n-back task is possible and may therefore give rise to new opportunities for working memory research.
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