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Ewolucja poglądów Jana Olbrachta i Aleksandra Jagiellończyka w kwestii kształtu unii polsko-litewskiej

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Godlewski Ł.
Białostockie Teki Historyczne
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2016
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vol. Białostockie Teki Historyczne, 2016, tom 14
EN
In consequence of Kazimierz Jagiellonczyk’s death in 1492, the Polish and Lithuanian throne, after the 46-year-long personal union, again came under the rule of two different rulers – Jan Olbracht was on the throne in Cracow and Aleksander Jagiellończyk in Vilnius. My research pertaining to the evolution of Jan Olbracht’s and Aleksander Jagiellończyk’s views on the shape of the Polish-Lithuanian Union proves that in several respects, e.g.: political situation, external threats, interests of the Jagiellonian dynasty, their standpoint changed with time. Yet, undoubtedly, the major factor deciding about the change in the viewpoint on the shape of the Polish-Lithuanian Union was the casus of having a male heir. As long as the brothers believed they could count on offspring, the Jagiellonians restricted Polish-Lithuanian relations to the military-political alliance. Yet, when Jan Olbracht and Aleksander Jagiellończyk realized they would die childless, the interest of the Jagiellonian dynasty became their priority. The original reluctance to fulfill former union provisions, which provided for closer cooperation within the union, and even incorporation of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania into the Crown, evolved towards the establishment of a unitary and hereditary Jagiellonian monarchy consisting of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
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Szlachta a duchowieństwo na sejmach w latach 40/50 XVI wieku

100%
Godlewski Ł.
Saeculum Christianum. Pismo Historyczne
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2016
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vol. 1
145-160
EN
The Executionist movement’s programme from the beginning of its existence revoked the privileges of the clergy not only in the legal but also in the economic field. The Chamber of Deputies wanted: the clerical estate holders to perform military service, the abolition of tithes, the taxation of the church, to devote “annats” to the defense of the country and jurisdictional demarcation between secular and ecclesiastical courts . The Chamber of Deputies, fighting against the clergy favored by the king, unified their demands in order to act boldly in defense of their rights and gain new privileges. The final demands of the Executionist movement were formulated during the development of the Reformation and the transitional period caused by the change of the monarchs in the Republic of Nobles. The cumulation of these mechanisms in the middle of the 16th century not only stimulated the development and power of the Executionist movement but also intensified the conflict of interest between the clergy and nobility. The progress of the Reformation was accompanied by a growing dissatisfaction with the jurisdiction of the ecclesiastical courts over the nobility. The Chamber of Deputies formulated their suppositions depending on the situation outside and inside the country. The bishops failed to enforce the execution of judgments of the ecclesiastical courts. However, the right of sole judicial powers to pass verdicts connected with faith and religion were not taken away from the clergymen. It was just the opposite. Zygmunt August approved this privilege of the priests and at the same time executing verdicts on peerage was suspended. This case was, however, not completed and that is why succeeding parliaments worked on it furhter. The representatives of gentry did not manage to tax the income of church, despite serious efforts to do so. The king tried persistently to unite both political camps. However, the overextending of the whole Executionist program by the representatives prevented the achieving of a compromise or any similar outcome.
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Szlachta a duchowieństwo podczas panowania Zygmunta Starego

100%
Godlewski Ł.
Białostockie Teki Historyczne
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2014
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vol. Białostockie Teki Historyczne, 2014, tom 12
EN
During the reign of Sigismund I the Old relations between gentry and clergy were visibly tense. The main source of the conflict was the issue of a state reform suggested by chivalry. Crystalizing in the first half of the XVI century, execution movement program considerably infringed clergy’s legal and economic privileges. The reform program proposed by gentry pertained to several social, religious, economic and legal issues. In all these spheres the Church and chivalry differed in opinions, which resulted in a complicated confrontation and impossibility of working out of consensus. The fact that the compromise could not be reached made both sides act even more vigorously, insisting on fulfillment of all their demands. In the fight against the Senate and Monarchy, members of the Chamber of Deputies were still more and more convinced of their increasing power. Thus, still more boldly and unanimously, they defended rights of chivalry and demanded extension of privileges on expense of clergy and the mighty. However, gentry was able neither to impose permanent taxes on the Church nor devoid clergy of remaining the only authority in deciding on issues concerning the faith. Undoubtedly, due to unhesitant position of the Polish Episcopate and support of Sigismund I the Old, clergy managed to retain their political and economic privileges, although political privileges were considerably undermined during the reign of Sigismund Augustus.
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