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EN
Article analyzes the participation of the Moroccan soldiers in the National Army (Ejército Nacional) during the Civil War in Spain. Their support was crucial not only for the conquest of the territory of the Spanish Protectorate but it also enabled to seize foodholds on the continent. Causes of the support given by the Moroccans to the nationalist Spain, their actions on the battlefields and finally the consequences of their participation in the war were also described.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia udział marokańskich żołnierzy w szeregach Armii Narodowej (Ejército Nacional) w okresie wojny domowej w Hiszpanii. Poparcie Marokańczyków dla sprawy narodowej okazało się nie tylko kluczowe dla błyskawicznego opanowania terytorium marokańskiego protektoratu, lecz także umożliwiło zdobycie pierwszych przyczółków na kontynencie. W artykule zostały przeanalizowane motywy opowiedzenia się żołnierzy z Afryki Północnej po stronie generała Franco, ich najważniejsze działania na frontach i wreszcie znaczenie ich udziału w wojnie.
EN
Article analyzes the participation of the Portuguese volunteers in the National Army (Ejército Nacional) during the Civil War in Spain. Contrary to the popular belief, so called Legion Viriatos was never created; this name was used to describe all the Portuguese who decided to fight on general Franco’s side. Causes of their participation, their actions during the war and the attitude of António de Oliveira Salazar’s government to the question of volunteers in Spain were also presented in the article.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia udział portugalskich ochotników w szeregach Armii Narodowej (Ejército Nacional) w okresie wojny domowej w Hiszpanii. W przeciwieństwie do często powtarzanego stwierdzenia nigdy nie powstał tzw. Legion Viriatos – mianem tym określano wszystkich Portugalczyków, którzy zdecydowali się walczyć po stronie generała Franco. Przyczyny ich uczestnictwa w wojnie, ich aktywność na frontach oraz stosunek rządu António de Oliveiry Salazara do kwestii ochotników również zostały przeanalizowane w artykule.
EN
Although Spain did not participate in the World War II, it played an important role in the politics of the United Kingdom. The main reason of this fact was a menace that general Francisco Franco would decide to join the war on the Axis side and attack Gibraltar – a gate to the Mediterranean Sea. Even though many actions were taken in order to maintain and reinforce Spanish neutrality, Great Britain decided to prepare some alternative solutions in case of the failure of diplomatic efforts. Supposing that the loss of the Rock was inevitable, the British military command created plans of occupation of Spanish Canary Islands (operation Puma) and Portuguese Azores (Operation “Pilgrim”) and Cape Verde Islands (Operation “Shrapnel”) that could serve as a naval base in the vicinity of Gibraltar. To what extend were these military conclusions taken into consideration by Winston Churchill’s War Cabinet and what consequences could it bring to the United Kingdom if they were executed? This article is an attempt to give answers to these questions.
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