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Female sexual function in users of combined oral and traditional contraceptive methods

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Tadayon M., Mousavi P., Abbaspoor Z.
Family Medicine & Primary Care Review
|
2019
|
issue 1
58-61
EN
Background. Combined oral contraceptive pills containing ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel are the most common contraceptives that are used by women of the reproductive age. Moreover, sexual function is linked to sexual hormones. Objectives. The aim of this study was to evaluate the sexual function of hormonal contraceptive (OCP) and non-hormonal contraceptive (traditional or withdrawal) methods in Iranian reproductive-age women referred to healthcare centers. Material and methods. This was a cross-sectional study on 206 married women of the reproductive age (18–45). Ninety-six women used OCP to prevent pregnancy, and 110 women did not use any contraceptives, instead using a traditional (withdrawal) method for at least 6 months before the study. Data on sexual function was collected via the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) questionnaire. The independent t-test was used for statistical purposes. Results. The results showed that there were no significant differences in all domains of sexual function in the two groups, except in the area of sexual arousal (3.87 in OCP users and 4.14 in withdrawal user methods) (p < 0.05). There was an association between the arousal domain and oral contraceptive use, but there was no relation between OCP and other domains of sexual function. Conclusions. The combined oral and withdrawal contraceptive methods have no impact on sexual function, except in the area of sexual arousal.
2
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Relationship between reproductive factors and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women

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Behzadvand A., Abbaspoor Z., Sa ki Malehi A., Ja vadnoori M.
Family Medicine & Primary Care Review
|
2019
|
issue 3
209-213
XX
Background. Many studies have assessed the protective factors and risk factors of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Considering the uncertainty about the effects of reproductive factors on bone density and the scarcity of information about postmenopausal women in Iran, the present study was conducted. Objectives. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between reproductive factors and bone density in postmenopausal women. Material and methods. In this cross-sectional study, 600 postmenopausal women without any known condition affecting bone mineral density were selected through convenience sampling from among the women referred to the densitometry center of Golestan Hospital in Ahwaz, Iran. The data were collected through questionnaires on demographics and reproduction. Bone mineral density was measured by the DEXA method using a Hologic machine in the L1–L4 region and the femoral neck. The demographic and reproductive variables were compared in 3 groups (osteoporosis, osteopenia and normal BMD). Results. The frequencies of osteoporosis and osteopenia were 15.16% and 57.33%, respectively. All reproductive factors were significantly different in the 3 groups. Multinomial logistic regression revealed later menarche to be a significant risk factor for osteopenia (OR = 4.36, CI = 3.38–5.63, p = 0.001) and osteoporosis (OR = 2.63, CI = 2.00–3.46, p = 0.001). A higher number of parity and longer breastfeeding were also revealed to be other risk factors; older age at first pregnancy is a protective factor. A higher BMI was found to be a protective factor only for osteoporosis. Conclusions. Our results suggest that later menarche, multiparity and longer breastfeeding act as risk factors, while higher BMI and older age at first pregnancy act as protective factors for bone density disorders in postmenopausal women.
3
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The effect of Hugo point pressure on postpartum pain in multiparous women

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Afravi S., Abbaspoor Z., Montazeri S., Cheraghian B.
Family Medicine & Primary Care Review
|
2019
|
issue 1
7-11
EN
Background. In midwifery, Hugo point pressure is one of several effective, non-pharmacological approaches to decreasing pain. Objectives. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of Hugo point on postpartum pain in multiparous women. Material and methods. This study was a randomized controlled trial conducted on 62 pregnant women in two groups: 31 women in the case-study (Hugo point pressure) and 31 women in the control-group (non-Hugo point pressure) groups. The block random sampling method was used. Data were collected by way of a questionnaire requesting information of delivery process, as well as a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for measuring pain intensity. In the postpartum ward and at least 2–24 hrs after the delivery, pain intensity and duration was measured before and 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours after intervention. Data was analyzed through independent t-test and RMANOWA tests. Results. The intensity of pain for both groups in the first two hours after delivery was significant (p = 0.005), but 4, 6 and 8 hours post- -delivery, despite a pain reduction in the intervention group more than in the control group, the difference was not significant. Moreover, no significant difference was observed between the two groups at 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours after delivery in terms of pain duration. Via the chi-square test, the frequency of painkiller use showed no significant difference statistically between the two groups. Conclusions. Hugo point pressure is a simple and cost-effective, harmless and easily applicable analgesic method for after-pain reduction – especially in the early hours of the postpartum period.
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