In this paper the author indicates the current contexts and mechanisms of social exclusion. The presented analysis is carried out from the critical perspective. The mechanisms of social exclusion have been identified as those of neo-liberal/market character. These are the processes, such as: privatisation, decentralisation, deregulation, competition as well as commodification of social relations. The author discusses the number of incorrect assumptions of neoliberalism and social order based on those assumptions. The conclusion is that the application of those assumptions in practice of social life has caused the emergence of many social problems, namely social inequality, rising unemployment, impoverishment of many social groups, etc. The author also points out that the assumptions underlying the policy being labelled as the Third Way or the concept of inclusive and sustainable development also are pro-market in their character. This indicates that the economic growth is still considered as the main indicator of social development. The author presents the opinion that the social policy conducted in this manner leads to the occurrence of the people’s attitudes of despair and the increase in the feeling of uncertainty that are experienced at both, the individual (especially by people suffering from social exclusion) as well as the social levels. The paper ends up with the question whether and to what extent the generation of young people in Poland is affected by the mechanisms of social exclusion.
In this paper the author presents some part of her own research conducted in the Netherlands and aimed at knowing the career counsellors role in society and local communities. The author argues that it is useful for researcher to make use of the theory of structuration by Anthony Giddens to interpret the collected data. This theory allows researcher to interpret both actions of an individual as well the social and cultural contexts of these actions. In the article the role of career counsellors working for private counselling office has been presented as an example of the way of using the theory of structuration. While indicating the rules of acting and the moments of reflexive monitoring of action by counsellors, which are some of the crucial elements/concepts in structuration theory, the author presents the analysis based on this theory. As the results show, the social role of career counsellors seems to be complex and based on many cultural factors.
In this paper the author presents the community art as an example of practices that can be perceived as the element of both cultural as well as civic education. While stressing the pragmatic approaches and practice-oriented methods of teaching and learning in the Netherlands, the author presents shortly the formal premises of both types of education. Then the practice of community art has been described and analysed. The description is based on ethnographic study conducted in one of the Dutch cities. This piece of research is pertained to the street theatre and pantomimic visual art. In her analyses, the author highlights the potential of community art to rising both the civic and cultural awareness of community art participants. The paper also aims to show that community art fulfills not only the educational but also political role in the Netherlands being perceived as rightful partner of professional arts.
In the paper, the authoress makes an attempt to reflect on two observable and opposing trends/processes existing in the field of contemporary career counselling, such as the tendency towards homogenization of theories and working methods, and the processes of differentiation between the service systems of career counseling organizations around the world. Both these trends/processes can be treated as consequences of career counselling being ‘immersed’ in culture. The authoress tries to address the questions about various consequences of this immersion. Career counselling is understood here as a social process that is subjected to constant change nowadays, and to make the reflection on culture transparent the authoress uses the results of research conducted by Geert Hofstede and Gert Jan Hofstede. The paper makes use of two dimensions of culture distinguished by these researchers: the distance of power and the collectivism/individualism. The authoress tries to reflect on the impact of these dimensions on career counseling. In conclusion, she claims that there is no possibility of establishing equal systems, theories and even approaches towards counselling in different cultures and countries around the world.
The main aim of this paper is to analyse the current trends and tendencies within career counselling research and theories. The author summarises existing career counselling studies as well as makes the case for using A. Giddens’ theory of structuration in career counselling analysis.
PL
Celem artykułu jest analiza aktualnych trendów i tendencji w badaniach i teoriach poradnictwa kariery. Autorka dokonuje swoistego podsumowania dotychczasowych badań i tendencji w obszarze poradnictwa kariery, a także przedstawia, jak poradnictwo to może być analizowane w perspektywie teorii strukturacji Anthony Giddensa.
The article offers a critical analysis of the social role of career/vocational counselling. The issue is becoming increasingly relevant as official social (and educational) policies accord career/vocational counselling more and more prominence. The article examines a (seeming?) paradox observable in the theory and practice of career/vocational counselling. Specifically, on the one hand, career/vocational counselling is a “victim” of (neoliberal) market reforms and changes, while on the other hand it supports and propagates these changes.
PL
W artykule przedstawiona została krytyczna analiza społecznej roli poradnictwa zawodowego. Kwestia ta wydaje się mieć coraz większe znaczenie ze względu na mocny akcent kładziony na poradnictwo zawodowe w oficjalnych politykach społecznych (w tym edukacyjnych). Artykuł opiera się na analizie obserwowalnego (pozornego?) paradoksu w teorii i praktyce poradnictwa zawodowego. Poradnictwo to, z jednej strony, jest swego rodzaju „ofiarą” rynkowych (neoliberalnych) reform i zmian, z drugiej zaś wspiera je i propaguje. Autorka analizuje to zjawisko.
W niniejszym artykule autorka prezentuje teorie poradnictwa, które są reprezentatywne dla refleksji nad poradnictwem w krajach europejskich oraz w Stanach Zjednoczonych. Autorka próbuje również określić specyfikę polskich rozważań poradoznawczych. Polscy badacze poradnictwa traktują poradnictwo jako rodzaj aktywności ludzkiej, który może być opisany nie tylko na gruncie psychologii – jak jest opisywany w wielu krajach – lecz także może być przedmiotem rozważań odrębnej subdyscypliny. Główna różnica pomiędzy polskimi teoriami poradnictwa a teoriami pochodzącymi z innych krajów, zdaniem autorki tekstu, polega na odmiennym podejściu do badań i teorii poradnictwa. W Polsce mają one charakter bardziej ogólny i abstrakcyjny – badania nie są skoncentrowane np. na poradnictwie kariery lub poradnictwie psychologicznym. Polskie teorie poradnictwa mają zatem na uwadze całość procesu/zjawiska, nie skupiają się jedynie na pragmatycznym aspekcie tej działalności. Pragmatyczne podejście zauważalne jest u takich badaczy, jak Corey, McLoad, Nelson-Jones, Savickas i inni. Każda z tych teorii została opisana w artykule.
EN
In this article the author presents counselling theories relevant for the discussion surrounding counselling in Europe and the US. The author also attempts to describe the specifics of Polish counselling studies. Polish researchers in this field treat counselling as a type of activity which can be described not only through psychology – as is the case in many countries – but also as a separate sub-discipline. According to the author the main difference between Polish theories on counselling and those from other countries is a different approach to studies and theory of counselling. In Poland they are more general and abstract – not concentrated on, for example, career counselling or psychological counselling only. Polish theories are therefore interested in the whole process, they are not only concentrated on the pragmatic aspect of this activity. The latter approach can be seen with researchers such as Corey, McLoad, Nelson- Jones, Savickas and others. Each of those theories has been described in the article.
The authors of this paper reflect on the socio-cultural contexts for defining the role of counsellors. They indicate the differences and similarities of the role of the counsellor in different countries and cultures in the context of contemporary social changes. The authors emphasise the complexity of a counsellor’s role indicating context-related issues (social, cultural, political) in which counselling itself, understood as a social process or/and ‘culture product’ is anchored.
PL
Autorzy niniejszego artykułu podejmują próbę rozważań o społeczno-kulturowych kontekstach definiowania roli doradców. Starają się wskazać podobieństwa i różnice w koncepcjach roli doradcy w różnych krajach i kulturach na świecie. Podkreślają złożoność kwestii wyznaczania roli społecznej doradcy, wynikającą głównie z kontekstów (społecznych, kulturowych, politycznych), w jakich osadzone jest samo poradnictwo, rozumiane jako proces społeczny i/lub wytwór kulturowy.
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