Three essential periods may be singled out in the development of cartography as a science: 1. From the beginning of the last century to the mid-sixties is the period of development of cartography as a distinct science. 2. The period dating from the mid-sixties till the eighties is the golden age of development of theoretical cartography with special amplification of discussions on the subject of the theoretical fundamentals of cartography. At the end of the former period and at the beginning of the latter, cartography finally distinguished itself as an independent science. In 1959, the International Cartographic Association was founded. In 1961, the International Yearbook of Cartography was published for the first time and beginning in 1969, Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny (the Polish Cartographic Review). A year earlier, Komisja Kartograficzna Polskiego Towarzystwa Geograficznego (the Cartographic Commission of the Polish Geographical Society) was established. 3. Since the mid-eighties, and even somewhat earlier, use of new IT technologies, especially interest in the map as an element of geographic information systems, has become the dominating trend in cartography.
The author first discusses the various ways of classifying cartographic generalization techniques, and then analyzes the course of the generalization process during the creation of a 1:50 000 topographic map on the basis of a 1:10 000 map. Using this analysis as a foundation, the author identifies, discusses and illustrates with examples the five types of cartographic generalization.
The factual and technical foundations of the concept for the 1:50 000 topographic map published in Poland between 1995 and 2002 by the Head Office of Geodesy and Cartography are discussed in this article. While discussing content and graphic design, the author gives particular attention to the novel way of representing built-up areas.
Significant changes in the wealth, variety and level of graphic form of city maps are noticeable in recent years, particularly those from Central and Eastern European countries. This is a consequence of the political and economic transformation, resulting in the abolition of censorship and introduction of the free market. City maps published in Western Europe have evolved as well during the aforementioned period due to higher political and economic stability. The paper compares city maps content of 18 European countries and shows the influence of Soviet cartographic style on city maps image in post-communist countries.