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Potencjał chłodzący terenów zieleni na przykładzie parków miejskich Poznania i Wrocławia

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Łowicki D., Kuklińska E.
Rozwój Regionalny i Polityka Regionalna
|
2025
|
issue 73
253-271
EN
Several studies indicate the cooling effect of urban greenery and their influence on mitigating the urban heat island effect. The results of studies can differ significantly based on various factors, with the primary factor being the research methods. This study aims to indicate a universal method for assessing the impact of green areas on the thermal environment using satellite images. Pilot studies were conducted for two cities, Poznań and Wrocław. Publicly available satellite scenes from Landsat 8–9 and Copernicus project data were used. The findings indicate that there are moderate variations in land cover between different cities, as well as significant differences in the number and types of parks. In Wrocław, 73 parks were identified, with 66% of them being forest parks. In Poznań, there were 48 parks, and 83% of them were predominantly grassy areas. In the case of surface waters and forest areas, the average land surface temperature was 28.8–30°C, while for squares and buildings, it was 36.2–36.7°C. Studies have shown that the range of the land surface temperature resulting from the land cover is about 11°C and that green areas play a crucial role in cooling the surroundings of parks. In Poznań, the average temperatures in the 0–100 m buffer were 0.6°C lower than in the 100–200 m buffer, in Wrocław this difference was 0.7°C. The temperature in the 0–100 m buffer was influenced by the vegetation index for parks (NDVI) and the height of buildings, and in the case of the 100–200 buffer around the park, also by the sealing of the surface. The methodology developed and adopted in the study of two cities allows for extending the research to other cities, even outside Poland.
PL
Celem niniejszych badań jest wskazanie uniwersalnej metody oceny wpływu terenów zieleni na termikę otoczenia z wykorzystaniem zdjęć satelitarnych. Przeprowadzono pilotażowe badania dla dwóch miast: Poznania i Wrocławia. Wykorzystano publicznie dostępne sceny satelitarne Landsat 8–9 oraz dane projektu Copernicus, stąd wypracowana i przyjęta w badaniach dwóch miast metodyka pozwala na rozszerzenie badań na inne miasta, także poza Polską. Badania wykazały, że rozpiętość temperatury powierzchni ziemi wynikającej z pokrycia terenu wynosi około 11°C oraz że tereny zieleni odgrywają bardzo istotną rolę w chłodzeniu otoczenia parków. W Poznaniu średnie temperatury w buforze 0–100 m były o 0,6°C niższe niż w buforze 100–200 m, we Wrocławiu różnica ta wynosiła 0,7°C. Na temperaturę w buforze 0–100 m wpływ miał indeks wegetacji dla parków (NDVI) i wysokość budynków, a w przypadku bufora 100–200 wokół parku – także uszczelnienie powierzchni.
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