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Efektywnościowa neutralizacja wzrostu cen surowców, materiałów, paliw i energii w świetle opinii kierownictwa przedsiębiorstw

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Miastkowski L., Uniwersytet Łódzki K. E.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1992
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vol. 120
EN
The author discusses in the article the assumptions, theses and methodology of the studies on neutralization of increases of prices for raw materials, components, fuels and energy conducted by industrial companies in the years 1987-1988. The surveys carried out in 49 plants in 1987 and 48 in 1988 allowed to define the scope and forms of the following scenarios of this neutralization: an effectiveness-oriented scenario Including savings in materials consumption, and scenarios of substitution, up-grading of utility values of goods and changes in production structure, cost-pricing, i.e. shifting increases in prices of industrial supplies onto prices of products, finance-budgetary, i.e. application of tax reliefs, transferring losses into profits account and funds set up from profits, pseudo-savings and concern-type scenarios, i.e. compensation funds and internal prices in unions of industrial producers. The article presents opinions of the enterprise management on existing reserves in material consumption savings and effective use of objects of labour, on causes of the so-called objective and subjective wastefulness, on effectiveness of conditions and mechanisms forcing out and stimulating effectiveness-oriented neutralization of increases of prices for raw materials, components, fuels and energy. There have been disclosed the processes and tendencies existing in this field including especially the impact of a tendency towards adoption of effectiveness-promoting solutions, parametrization of economic instruments and reform-supporting attitudes of the management of plants, as well as a counter-tendency aimed at adopting solutions not promoting higher effectiveness, antireformatory, economic-bargaining tendencies softening economic constraints by means of individual measures of inputs and output, currency conversion rates, financial forms.
2
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Bezrobocie w Stanach Zjednoczonych po II wojnie światowej - podstawowe tendencje i skutki społeczno-ekonomiczne

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Kwiatkowski E., Uniwersytet Łódzki K. E.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1996
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vol. 138
EN
The paper undertakes an analysis оГ the basic trends, features and socio-economic effects of unemployment m the United States after World War II. The statistical survey conducted by the author confirmed a significant increase in the unemployment rate and considerable oscillations in that rate in the 1970s and 1980s A tendency towards growth of the share of long-term unemployment was observed, which points to a growing role of structural unemployment in the US economy. The analysis of the effects of unemployment presents the most important of the negative macroeconomic, microeconomic and social effects of that phenomenon. An attempt has also been made to quantify them. The major parliamentary acts and documents underlining the responsibility of the state Tor the situation in the labour market in the American economy are presented in the final part of the paper.
3
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Zmiany międzygrupowych relacji cen dóbr konsumpcyjnych

100%
Kwiatkowska W., Uniwersytet Łódzki K. E.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1992
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vol. 120
EN
The article contains the findings of empirical studies conducted in the period 1986-1987 in the field of an evaluation of influence exerted by the reform in the retail prices system on changes in their relations in an intergroup approach and an evaluation of the role played by various price-formative factors, which could cause changes in these relations. The findings in question allowed to formulate the following conclusions: - In the period under survey, the prices of non-food items were growing relatively faster than prices of foodstuffs. That is an indicator of unfavourable relations of prices from the viewpoint of rationalization of consumption and its effectiveness-promoting impact. - The cost factor does not have any significant influence on changes in relations of pricess, and especially in the case of non-food items. - The financial effect (gross profit) is of decisive importance for occurring changes in relations of prices.
4
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Ceny w zagranicznych przedsiębiorstwach drobnej wytwórczości

100%
Małecka E., Uniwersytet Łódzki K. E.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1992
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vol. 120
EN
There are presented in the article the findings of empirical studies made in foreign-owned small firms. These firms constitute in Poland a qualitatively new type of economic units, and hence it seemed interesting to find out to what degree they are able to safeguard the accomplishment of their main goal - profit maximization in conditions of the socialist system. One of the most significant factors determining profit maximization are prices. Hence, the studies were focussed on the analysis of the level of prices, causes and directions of their changes, and the scope of influence exerted by prices on the current and long-term activity of companies.
5
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Antyefektywnościowe oddziaływanie inflacyjnego ruchu cen

100%
Zieliński R., Uniwersytet Łódzki K. E.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1992
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vol. 120
EN
The article aims at showing - on the basis of the analysis of financial data that an upward movement of prices results in anti-effectlvenees behaviours of companies generated by the resulting income redistribution effects. Tim analysis presented in the article Is of an empirical character and it rests upon 31 dynamics indices and 38 indices incorporating a profitability rate and tax deduction, as well as other financial-type relations. The indices were estimated on the basis of data gathered in two groups of companies (18 and 43 respectively) for the period 1985-1987. Facing the Impact of redistribution effects in costs (due to increases of prices for industrial supplies) companies were rasing prices of their final products at a rate corresponding more or less to a rate of growth of prices for industrial suplies. Companies were responding to price Increases by raising wages at a rate lower than the rate of growth of prices. Another measure adopted by them were changes in assortment structure prompted by a desire to reduce the burden of turnover tax. All those measures taken by companies were affected by redistributive steps adopted by the central authorities in relation to financial effects of companies in the form of tax reliefs, which ultimately led to inability of companies to pursue socially-rational behaviours .
6
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Formy i znaczenie pomocy publicznej dla przedsiębiorców

63%
Burzyńska D., Stępniak-Kucharska A., Uniwersytet Łódzki K. F., Uniwersytet Łódzki K. E.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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2005
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vol. 185
EN
In Polish legal system law about conditions of admissibility and supervising of public assistance for entrepreneurs is basic legal act, which regulates conditions which have to be fulfilled, to obtain public assistance. Such support is treated as a public assistance only if it is based on national public resources and it does not violate or does not threaten infringement of competition through privilege of some entrepreneurs or production of some commodities. Public assistance has to be made also onto thing of definite entrepreneurs. In Poland in years 1997-2002 the largest part of public assistance was directed to large state owned enterprises first of all in coal mining, agriculture as well as railway transportation sector and postal services. In year 2002 we could observe significant changes in the structure of this support. There was a great increase of support for the enterprises from private sector especially small and medium size. This change was due to the low of restructuring of public receivables. Enterprises use help in form of transfer of properties’ value and in form of decrease of tax burdens. Public assistance is a very important instrument for supporting competitiveness and elasticity. Its efficiency depends on the forms of support of entrepreneurs, cohesions of used instruments as well as on possibility of theirs implementation through subjects.
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