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EN
This paper highlights a research conception based on the biographic method. Biography and the biographic method have been extensively discusses in ample and very diversified literature. Scholars representing various fields of knowledge have been interested in biographic researches, which, however, are subjects of controversies among partisans of different theoretical orientations, even within the same discipline.
EN
The analysis of population distribution according to the educational level in urban areas represent the classical studies of the socio-spatial differentiation in cities. This paper shows the distribution of the university educated population within the area of Łódź. The study is based on the results of National Census of 1978, 1988 and 2002. This time span has given us an opportunity to compare the changes in the socio-spatial structure of education, which occurred in the city in the last decade of real socialism, with those that took place in the transformation period. The analysis have shown that the spatial distribution of university graduate population in Łódź between 1978 and 2002 underwent a considerable change. The most significant changes were observed in the city’s outskirt areas attached to Łódź following the 1988 administrative reform. In effect of these areas strongly developing the residential function, the local inhabitants are now found to be better educated than those in the housing estates proximate to the downtown area. A closer look into these changes allows us to conclude that in the 1990s the university graduate population found the housing estates located in the city centre and estates of blocks of flats to be increasingly less attractive than the housing estates on the city’s outskirts. After 1989, when the land lease rent re-emerged as an important aspect in real property sales, the buying capacity became the primary criterion in the rivalry for better housing resources. An important component of the dwelling’s standard was its surroundings, both natural and social, therefore the property’s location largely grew in significance. The results of the 2002 National Census showed that the better-educated population, being economically stronger, preferred outskirt locations (including suburban zones). This phenomenon was accompanied by the formation of enclaves of unemployment, poverty, and social pathologies in the areas prevalently occupied by the lowest-educated population. This processes can lead to segregation and social exclusion of the old developments in the central city quarters of Łódź.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono analizę rozmieszczenia mieszkańców z wyższym wykształceniem w przestrzeni Łodzi na podstawie danych pochodzących z narodowych spisów powszechnych przeprowadzonych w latach 1978, 1988 i 2002. Okres ten dał możliwość porównania zmian, jakie zaszły w strukturze przestrzennej wykształcenia w mieście w ostatniej dekadzie realnego socjalizmu ze zmianami, jakie nastąpiły w okresie transformacji.
PL
Celem opracowania jes t przedstawienie procesu kształtowania się współczesnej miejskiej sieci osadniczej Polski oraz wskazanie ważniejszych czynników mających duży wpływ na jej obecny obraz. Artykuł omawia zmienność obszaru i struktury miejskiej sieci osadniczej Polski w dziejach państwa polskiego. Proces kształtowania się i umacniania miejskiej sieci osadniczej na ziemiach polskich do roku 1918 podzielono na cztery etapy. Pierwszy obejmował początki zawiązywania się i rozpinania miejskiej sieci osadniczej i trwał od VIII w. aż do unii zawartej w Krewie w 1385 r., drugi to przyłączenie sieci miast Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego i jej umacnianie we wspólnym państwie; trzeci - rozdarcie sieci osadniczej na trzy części i jej osłabienie (od 1795 do 1815 r.), czwarty zaś jest związany z początkiem industrializacji i zagęszczaniem się sieci miast na terenach zaborów. Analizę oparto na badaniach historyków i geografów polskich, wykorzystano w niej również mapy historyczne i źródła statystyczne
EN
The purpose of this paper is to analyse the process of formation of urban system in Poland and identify key factors that have influenced its present shape. The author discusses changes in country’s area and its urban system throughout the history. Four periods have been identified in the process of formation of urban system: first, from the 8th c. till the Krevo Union (1385), second, incorporation of urban system of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and its consolidation within the common Polish-Lithuanian State, third, division of the urban system into three separate sectors after the partition (1795— -1815), four - beginning of industrialization and compaction of urban system in the occupied sectors. The analysis was based on researches done by Polish historians and geographers, as well as historical maps and statistical data.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono brytyjskie podejście do koncepcji rewitalizacji XIX-wiecznych terenów przemysłowych w miastach, realizowane w ostatnich 15 latach. Na przykładzie obszaru Doków w Londynie dokonano omówienia i oceny programu przekształceń przestrzennych i funkcjonalnych, który tam zrealizowano.
EN
Recently the main aspect of British spatial and economic planning was what came to be known as inner city problem. It began around mid 1960s when a lot of traditional industries in cities declined (examples of Glasgow, Manchester, London). The case of London Docklands illustrates the crucial role of Urban Development Corporation in inner-city regeneration. The decline in manufacturing and the rise in services employment is well illustrated here. In particular the rapid increase in the financial service sector caused so called “gentrification” of the area. The results were: the arrival of new residents, new jobs in the area and creation of new, particular type of urban landscape. The role of architecture and design is the crucial part of the redevelopment process in London Docklands. It is very interesting example of using physical attributes of the area (river and docks), historical associations (shipping and warehousing) to influence the style of buildings. The new image of London Docklands had an important influence on the perception of the area and the type of activity attracted.
EN
A city is the subject of scientific analysis of different discipline. We can examine it as an objective reality. Another aspect represents the human approach where man who create the city is the subject of the study. The geographical analysis of literature is quite new way of study the urban issue. In this paper the author presents the initial sample of geographical analysis of the New York urban landscape existing in poetry. He choose the works of three different poets coming from three different cultural background: Walt Whitman (the New York inhabitant), Federico Garcia Lorca (visitor to the city) and Jan Lechoń (emigrant temporary living there). In the author’s opinion human approach in urban geography gives us an opportunity to identify the scope of research for different social sciences.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wstępną koncepcję zastosowania w geografii „współczynnika humanistycznego” . Propozycja badawcza wskazuje możliwość objęcia analizą geograficzną utworów literackich. Mogą one wówczas pełnić rolę uzupełniającą lub inspirującą w społecznej geografii miast.
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PL
Praca dotyczy powiązań regionalnych niewielkiego szesnastotysięcznego Głowna, miasta w województwie łódzkim, położonego 30 km od Łodzi. W pracy wykorzystano materiały zebrane w 1996 r. w czasie studenckich ćwiczeń terenowych. Autorka omawia historię rozwoju miasta i ewolucję jego funkcji, następnie charakteryzuje żróżnicowanie przestrzenne Głowna pokazując współczesne użytkowanie ziemi w mieście. Druga część pracy dotyczy związków Głowna z regionem. Zbadane związki - dojazdy do pracy oraz dojazdy do usług (w tym do szkół) wykazują, że zasięg oddziaływania Głowna wybiega poza gminę Głowno w kierunku do Łodzi i do Łowicza.
EN
This article deals with regional interactions of Głowno (a town of 16 thousen inhabitans, situated in the Łódź voivodship, 25 km away from Łódź). The study is based on materials accumulated in the course of field research conducted by students in 1996. The paper starts with a historical perspective on the development of Głowno and outlines the evolution of its functions. It next disusses the spatial differentiation of the town including its present land use pattern. The second part analyses interactions between Głowno and its region, that is commuting to work and travel to services (including schools). The findings of the research indicate that the range of interaction extends beyond the commune of Głowno towards Łódź and Łowicz.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań terenowych nad powiązaniami regionalnymi gmin oraz stopniem przygotowania wyposażenia miast do pełnienia funkcji powiatu prowadzonych latem 1996 r. w rejonie Poddębice-Turek.
EN
The field survey was done in summer 1996; it concerned the local society’s acceptance of the new administrative division of Poland. The local society was very interested in our work and very enthusiastic to answer the questionnaire. The following conclusions were reached as a result: 1. More than half of the respondents wish to change the existing administrative division. 30% are opposed to any changes and the reminder have no opinion about changes. 2. More than 40% of the total population is in favour of the system of a three-tier administrative system, and about 20% prefer the system of a two-tier administrative system. 3. More than 70% of all respondents chose the option to belong to the Łódź voivodship. 4. The key factors which respondents enumerated as advantages for their local centre to receive the status of „powiat” were: - identification with their own locality; - good accessibility by public transport; - existing good service infrastructure.
PL
W artykule zaprezentowano wyniki badań dotyczące identyfikacji terytorialnej ludności zamieszkującej obszar pogranicza województw skierniewickiego i piotrkowskiego. Zbadano również zasięg oddziaływania potencjalnych miast powiatowych i ich wyposażenie w instytucje o znaczeniu ponadlokalnym. Głównym celem badan było ustalenie preferencji ludności dotyczących przynależności administracyjnej badanego obszaru i jej stosunku do planowanych zmian struktury administracyjnej Polski.
EN
The paper discusses preferences regarding the regions (voivodeships) and districts in the proposed administrative division of Poland. The questions were addressed to the respondents from the regions situated along the eastern border of the Łódź region before 1975. The territory covered by the study included 2 communes from the Radom region, 2 communes and 2 towns (Biała Rawska and Rawa Mazowiecka) from the Skierniewice region. Together with the characteristics describing the respondents other factors decisive for the choice of future district capitals and regions are presented as well as the functional links of the respondents with other places and institutional infrastructure of settlement units included in the study. Male group interviewees were more numerous the study conducted in the communes and females were more numerous in the towns. More than 50% of respondents lrom rural areas found the administrative changes unnecessary, 29% were of the opposite opinion. The majority of the urban group of respondents believed the administrative reform was necessary. Summing up we should state that the population of Rawa Upland and surrounding areas situated beyond the Pilica river was against the reform and three-level administrative division of the country into communes, districts and region (voivodeships). The older the the respondents are the more convinced they are that the reform is completely pointless. Rural population was for the present two-level administrative division while the inhabitants of a potential district capital - Rawa Mazowiecka - were for the three-level administrative division (68% answers). In response to the question whether there should be 12 or 17 regions 55% out of 600 respondents were for the Warsaw region and 43% for the Łódź region. It is worth emphasising that the support for the Warsaw region was stronger among the group of 60 people representing the so called establishment (67 and 62% respectively for the options of 12 and 17 regions) while only 33% of representatives of local authorities opted for the Łódź region. With 25 regions 47% of all the respondents were for the Warsaw region (55% of the establishment). Eleven towns were suggested as the future district administrative centre among which Rawa Mazowiecka was supported by 48%, Skierniewice by 19%, Grójec by 13%, Opoczno by 12% and others by less than 2%.
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EN
There are many different ways in which towns achieve a full growth and attain a significant position in the settlement hierarchy. Łódź is an excellent example o f a town that owes its growth to the development of industry. It exhibited typical advantages (a dynamic economic and demographic growth) and disadvantages (underdeveloped technical and social infrastructure). This paper presents the two hundred year process that transformed Łódź from a liny rural locality into a populous and significant regional centre. One can distinguish five phases of this in the functional evolution o f Łódź. The first phase called „the initial stage” ended in 1820. Despite the acquisition of civic rights in 1423, Łódź was a small, remote, rural town that had no capacity to influence outlying areas. In 1820 the population of Łódź numbered 767. The second phase was „an early stage of region-generating functions”. It was initiated by the decision to establish a clothier settlement in 1820, and it was terminated by the First World War. From the economic and demographic point of view it was the most dynamic period in the history of Łódź. However, this growth was not accompanied by a development of other functions. Łódź became thus a huge workmen’s housing estate, destitute of urban structures except financial institutions (banks, credit companies, insurance agencies) necessary for functioning of such a big industrial centre. The third phase called „the institutional stage of region-generating functions” occurred between the two World Wars. At this juncture, Łódź was given some administrative functions (voivodship, bishopric, army district) that induced the appearance of subsequent region-generating functions, e.g. consulates and foreign trade agencies. In this period, Łódź was granted, for the first time in its history, official regional functions through the establishment of the Łódź Voivodship. Nevertheless, the city itself was at a low ebb as to economy and demography. The fourth phase is „the stage of fulfilment of region-generating functions”. It occurred after the Second World War and it followed the development of metropolitan institutions. In those days, Łódź become an important centre of administration, science, culture, and specialised medical services. These institutions made up for some o f the functional deficiencies in the city of 800.000 people and enabled it to exert a marked influence on the region. The political decisions related to the change of the administrative division of Poland in 1975 caused a dinmution of the administrative region of Łódź. The second most populous city in Poland became deprived of some of its regional space. As a consequence Łódź entered „the stage of recession of region-generating functions”. During the economic depression in the 1980s and 1990s, Łódź was confronted with a new challenge. Due to the restriction of its regional space and the decline of the textile industry, the city was affected by an acute demographic crisis. The future of Łódź as a regional centre depends on the creation of some new economic developments (construction o f highways, development of the modern industrial technologies), and on an intensive growth of metropolitan functions.
PL
W artykule zaprezentowano proces kształtowania się funkcji regionotwórczej Łodzi na przestrzeni ostatnich dwustu lat. Analizę tego procesu przeprowadzono wydzielając pięć faz, których nazwy określają stopień rozwoju badanej funkcji. W pracy przedstawiono fazy: wyjściową, inicjującą powstanie funkcji regionotwórczych, instytucjonalną, wypełniającą oraz fazę regresji, w jakiej znalazła się Łódź w ostatnich latach.
PL
Wyniki badań kwestionariuszowych przeprowadzonych wśród 600 osób oraz rzeczywiste powiązania ludności zamieszkującej sześć jednostek lokalnych zachodniej części województwa sieradzkiego stanowią treść artykułu. Badania podjęto w związku z przyszłymi zmianami podziału administracyjnego kraju.
EN
This research presents the results of a questionnaire survey carried out in June 1996 concerning the perception of the local population regarding future changes in administrative boundaries in the western part of the Sieradz voivodship (county). The commune involved were: Goszczanów, Warta, Błaszki, Wróblew, Brąszewice and Klonowa. In addition, supporting information regarding the population’s use of services, education, shopping facilities, medical services, recreation and cultural facilities, together with employment and local migration patterns, were obtained from official sources. The survey interviewed 600 people in total in the six commune. In each of the latter the sample included 10 people from the local establishment, and 90 representing the remainder of the population. Findings relating to the perceived need for boundary change were similar for both establishment and other groups, the elderly seeing little need for change and the young and educated preferring a new situation. Unskilled non-establishment interviewees preferred the status quo. Equally, both groups preferred a two-tier system of local government involving commune and voivodship rather than a three-tier system involving commune, administrative district and voivodship. No less than 78% of the establishment group and 60% of the other group selected this strategy. Interviewees were asked their views concerning the size of Polish local government areas: whether there should be 12, 17 or 25 units, compared with the 49 voivodships at present. In the case of the first two options the majority preferred to be associated with the county of Łódź rather than Poznań. Łódź was also preferred in the case of the third option, the choice lying between Łódź, selected by 51%, and Kalisz, selected by 49% of those interviewed. Factors influencing preferences included ease of communication, established service and other links with centres and regions, and former local government boundaries. In conclusion, it seems class that people’s preferences regarding local government boundaries are heavily influenced by socio-economic considerations.
PL
Okres przejścia ustrojowego w Europie Środkowej i Wschodniej wiąże się nie tyle ze zmianami fizjonomicznymi wsi co z głębokimi zmianami funkcjonalnym i, a ściślej dysfunkcyjnymi: depopulacja obszarów wiejskich, spadek zatrudnionych w rolnictwie na tle ogółu pracujących, obniżenie gęstości zaludnienia, zmniejszenie liczby jednostek usługowych itd. Osiedla wiejskie są areną działania nowych agentów przemian, ale przy zachowaniu wielu starych elementów krajobrazowych i metafor minionego okresu.
EN
The transition from a centrally steered to a market economy in CE countries has so far resulted in few physiognomic in the countryside, while the functional, or rather disfunctional changes are tremendous. Especially im portant is the depopulation and the consequent decrease in population density of large rural areas, as well as the rise of unemployment and dism antling of many services and rural industries. Although many of the old landscapes and space methaphors have remained, the countryside has come under the im pact of new agents of change. In the same time polarisation processus within and am ong the CE countries have intensified. The types of changes and respective régionalisation is presented herewith.
PL
W artykule zaprezentowano dwa sposoby postępowania badawczego przy analizowaniu przestrzeni społecznej. Pierwszy z nich nawiązuje do obiektywnych studiów nad środowiskiem geograficznym, zaś drugi eksponuje podejście humanistyczne w interpretacji zjawisk przestrzennych. Zamierzeniem autorów było wykazanie komplementarności obu metod analitycznych. Weryfikacji poddano hipotezę, że przestrzeń małego miasta jest zróżnicowana społecznie, ale nie występują tutaj tak silne kontrasty, jak w dużych aglomeracjach.
EN
Field study with a view to analyse social differentiation of the space in two small towns Głowno and Stryków in Central Poland was conducted in 1996 and 1997. The study was of scientific and didactic nature. The participants were the students of the second year of Geography of Tourism and Hotel Management. Unemployment, poverty and criminality can be listed amongst the most fundamental social problems. We decided to focus in our studies on the areas which are differentiated from physiognomic and spatial point of view. The studies were conducted in the form of direct interview with the inhabitants of the identified areas and at the same time included the analysis of statistical data. The interview was open, without any questionnaire. The advantage of such a method is its flexibility and the fact that it leaves much freedom. It allows to approach everybody in an individual way and allows to conduct each interview individually. The analysis of social problems of Stryków in spatial perspective indicates the combination of poverty, unemployment and criminality. However, we are not able to identify typical pathological areas. Usually they are single buildings or flats. Although Stryków and Głowno are small towns, seemingly uniform, the areas under study show numerous important differences. These differences, however, cannot be considered sharp contrasts as it is the case in big cities.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł jest analizą systemu zarządzania miastem po reform ach politycznych i gospodarczych 1989 r. na przykładzie Łodzi. Autorzy komentują przydatność dla Łodzi zaprezentowanych punktów widzenia. Głównym celem jest prezentacja wstępnej analizy charakteru i roli kluczowych organizacji zaangażowanych w zarządzanie lokalne i rozwój gospodarczy miasta oraz podanie głównych charakterystyk ich strategii.
EN
This paper presents a case study of urban governance in Łódź, in central Poland, after the political and economic reforms of 1989. The paper does not set out to explicitly test the theoretical perspectives, but does make some comment on their applicability to Łódź. Its main thrust is to present an initial analysis of the nature and role of the key organisations involved in local governance and local economic developm ent (LED ), and to outline the main characteristics of their strategies. The key questions are: - w hat institutions have emerged and what evidence is there of co-operation between them? - what are the roles of the public and private sectors and is there a blurring of this distinction? - what ‘entrepreneurial’ activities are being undertaken i.e. w hat is the relationship of the local state to local economic development? - what are the main strategies which have evolved and how do they compare to the experience of the West?
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