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Zdania elementarne w "Traktacie" L. Wittgensteina

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Łukszo Z., Kleszcz R., Uniwersytet Łódzki K. L. i. M. N.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Philosophica. Ethica – Aesthetica – Practica
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1988
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vol. 05
EN
The article is an attempt at analysis of elementary sentences - one of crucial problems presented by Ludwik Wittgenstein in "Tractatus logico-philosophicus". This work, considered to be a breakthrough for 20th century philosophy is focussed on the problem of relations between the language and the world. The same problem was also touched by a great predecessor of L. Wittgenstein - G. Frege in his semantic works. Apart from many similarities, there can obviously be found also differences in views of both philosophers. The main difference is the problem of denotation of sentences. For Frege, denotation of a sentence is its logical value (that is why analyzing sentences from the viewpoint of their meaning, there can be distinguished only their two types - true and false). For Wittgenstein denotation of a sentence is the. situation being described by it. Elementary sentences are a basic concept in the construction of "Treatise". Finding these sentences and indicating which are true and which are false allow to describe the world in an exhaustive way. This exhaustive description is possible owing to the fact that there exists a mutually explicit correspondence between the language and the world. Elementary sentences are base elements, for which a sequence of operations changing them in any other sentences of the language may be used later on.
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0 możliwości Interpretowania trójwartościowej logiki Łukasiewicza metodą J. Słupeckiego

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Nowak M., Uniwersytet Łódzki K. L. i. M. N.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Philosophica. Ethica – Aesthetica – Practica
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1988
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vol. 05
EN
The aim of this article is to evaluate critically possibilities of interpreting Lukasiewicz' logic by means of J.Słupecki s method presented in reference (1). In paragraph 1, we are giving a formal construction on which the method of partial interpretation £3 is based. Paragraph 2 contains initial assumptions through which prof. J. Słupecki obtains the partial interpretation £3 In paragraph 3, we prove that the way of obtaining this interpretation is really based on the construction from paragraph 1. Finally, in paragraph 4, we present our opinion on the interpretation £3. We prove that this interpretation cannot be obtained by means of the applied method.
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Rozważania wokół wartości logicznych

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Godycki-Ćwirko M., Uniwersytet Łódzki K. L. i. M. N.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Philosophica. Ethica – Aesthetica – Practica
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1988
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vol. 05
EN
The author formulates in this article a point of view, which is prompted by works dealing with the problem of logical values. There is analyzed a view that logical value of the sentence p is identical or at least connected with an answer to a question making it necessary to determine: The analysis is also focussed on four questions-problems: 1. Can a question be always formulated? 2. Does an answer always exist? 3. Do conjunctions influence an answer in the case of and how? 4. Does only one answer exist?
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Perelman a tradycja racjonalizmu

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Kleszcz R., Uniwersytet Łódzki K. L. i. M. N.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Philosophica. Ethica – Aesthetica – Practica
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1988
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vol. 05
EN
The philosophical thought of Perelman is characterized with criticism of all philosophies seeking the first, unshakable and absoluta principles. Such philosophies are trying to attain their aim among others through referring to obviousness. The trends of this kind are characteristic for classical rationalism (e.g. Cartesian philosophy). R. Descartes thinks that cognizance worthy of being called "knowledge" should be such cognizance, which is characterized with perfection and homogeneousness. Perelman rejects existence of absolute criteria and emphasizes that a cognizing mind is shaped by the intellectual tradition and education. Philosophical cognizance is able to improve and change itself continually when it is supported by certain reasons. The Belgian philosopher s thought resembles, in many respects, the concepts of the so-called new rationalism (F. Gonseth, G. Bachelard, J. Piaget). Simultaneously, however, Perelman stresses the fact of irreducibility of philosophy to science as philosophical problems are characterized with constant contestaby.ity, controversial character, and openness to new solutions. Generally speaking, the philosophical thought in question may be called "antiabsolutist" and "pluralistic".
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O inkluzywnej teorii kwantyfikacji

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Nowicki A., Uniwersytet Łódzki K. L. i. M. N.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Philosophica. Ethica – Aesthetica – Practica
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1988
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vol. 05
EN
The first part of this paper presents the fundations and some properties of the inclusive theory of quantification and analyses the relationship between inclusive and standard quantification theory. Some arguments concerning application of the inclusive theory instead of the standard theory have been discussed too. The second part of the article presents some versions of the inclusive theory of quantification formulated by: Mostowski (1951), Hailperin (1953), Quine (1954), Meyer and Lambert (1968).
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Pojęcia "zaniechania działania” w świetle koncepcji logicznej teorii działania

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Lewandowska M., Uniwersytet Łódzki K. L. i. M. N.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Philosophica. Ethica – Aesthetica – Practica
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1988
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vol. 05
EN
The way in which the term "activity" is understood determines foundations for the logical theory of activity. Activity understood as performance of changes or forbearance of performing a change is an object of G. H. von Wright's logic of actions based on the logic of changes. Generalization of such treatment of activity is T. Kubiński's concept according to which it consists in adopting a specific attitude towards a change; an object of nth logic of actions is description of n attitudes to changes. The distinction made between two main attitudes, out of which one expresses itself in activity and the other in its forbearance makes it necessary to specify more exactly the concept of forbearance. Analysis of this concept brings out strongly its ambiguity, it emphasizes the difference between non-activity and forbearance. Defining forbearance as non-activity in the situation, in which a possibility of activity did exist involves application of one of the modal concepts. The concepts in which forbearance is not taken into account.constitute an argument justifying an assertion that forbearance cannot be expressed by the negation function. Attempts at formalization of intuitions connected with the term "forbearance of activity" show how deeply entangled it is in modal contexts, and even in deontic concepts if it is interpreted as "forbearance of activity".
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Die Idealisierungsraethode in technischen Wissenschaften

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Gregorowicz J., Horbaczewska D., Uniwersytet Łódzki K. L. i. M. N.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Philosophica. Ethica – Aesthetica – Practica
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1988
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vol. 05
PL
Analiza postępowania inżynieryjnego przeprowadzona przez pracowników Politechniki Wrocławskiej potwierdza zasadność użycia metody optymalizacyjnej, będącej szczególnym rodzajem stosowanej w naukach teoretycznych metody idealizacyjnej. Treścią artykułu jest przedstawienie próby zastosowania metody optymalizacyjnej w naukach technicznych zaliczanych do grupy nauk praktycznych. Wcześniej wykazano na przykładzie pedagogiki, iż ww. nauki z powodzeniem mogą stosować metodę optymalizacji. Zadaniem artykułu było zapoznanie kolegów z Wyższej Szkoły Technicznej w Karl-Marx-Stadt - gdzie został wygłoszony w postaci referatu na międzynarodowej konferencji - z metodą optymalizacyjną i jej zastosowaniem w postępowaniu inżynieryjnym.
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