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EN
Flooding is a phenomenon whose can cause high losses of material and immaterial. Negative effects such as harm to life, health and property, both residents, businesses and state governments require organizations such aid, which would reduce the size of the damage. The article presents the forms of state aid to victims of flooding on the example of Flood 2010. The aid was sent to residents, businesses, farms and local governments. It consisted of such assistance as: simplified building procedures, resignation of various charges, protection of employees, financial assistance in the form of grants, loans and credit. Government support in the event of a disaster of national scale is indispensable. Very important now is flood protection, which in Poland is insufficient.
EN
In the paper an attempt is made to answer the question if the process of convergence between Polish voivodeships exists. More precisely, the objective of the research is β-convergence. Its existence means that the countries in which the initial level of GDP per capita is low, develop faster than countries with higher initial level of income. In this case a catch-up effect is observed, which equalizes the levels of income. As a tool of analysis dynamic panel data models are applied. Two alternative estimation methods were applied: Arellano - Bond first-differenced GMM and Blundell – Bond system GMM. The main conclusion from the research is the lack of concurrent tendency of GDP per capita between Polish voivodeships. The estimate of the parameter β that decides the existence and strength of the convergence shows that there exists a divergent tendency in GDP per capita between voivodeships.
EN
The ongoing process of economical and political regionalization (interpreted as the growing role of regions in the national structures of governance), has modified the perception of the role of nation states and reconfigured the structure of competences on every level of political power. In the economic policy, one can observe the growing role of innovation policy as the most important tool for strengthening competitiveness of European countries and regions. It is also reflected in reorientation of European policies for periods 2007–2013 as well as 2014–2020, highlighting more and more clearly the aspiration of catalyzing the process of knowledge-based economy building, economizing innovative and creative resources and strengthening the innovation systems. The aim of this paper is to attempt to define the importance of regional dimension of innovation policy. It outlines the evolution of tools and instruments within this policy, indicates new direction of the challenges and scope of European Community actions in this field, set out under the Europe 2020 Strategy.
EN
The statistical data of international institutions indicate that Poland is the only European country enjoying economic growth in 2009. Since the beginning of 2008 the GDP of the EU was systematically falling down, while in Poland the fall of only 0,1% percentage change on previous year) was observed only in the Q4 of 2008. In 2009 Poland as the only EU Member State reached the positive economic growth (1.7% according to Eurostat data), although individual Polish regions differed in terms of the key socio-economic indicators for 2009. On of the key factors stabilizing the economy and preventing recession – alongside relatively limited openness of the economy, large and relatively stable internal market, moderate public debt and moderate level of business sector debt – was among others inflow of EU funding, which enabled increase of the volume of private and public investment co-financed from EU sources. Utilization of funds varies among Polish regions, depending on the degree of compatibility of regional allocations with the expectations of recipients, on the level of activeness of target groups and in particular on the institutional capacities for EU funding operations. The article discusses the assessment of the level of structural funds utilization by Polish regions in the conditions of lowering dynamics of economic growth, with particular focus on Łódź Voivodship, for which results are presented in relations between metropolis and region.
EN
The influence of the spatial relation on the stock market is becoming more frequently the subject of a discussion. Efforts to pinpoint the relation between the dis- tance and the investors choices are relevant to both the intra- and intermarket connec- tions. With the latter one, spatial dependencies may function as a shock transmission channel, resulting with the contagion effect. The object of this paper is to present the results of the research on the influence of spatial and economic distance on the correlation of selected European stock markets during the 2007–2009 crisis period. In order to verify the hypothesis regarding the influ- ence of the spatial relations on the stock market correlation DCC GARCH model was used among with spatial analysis tools.
EN
The purpose of presented study was to verify a hypothesis of convergence on local labor markets in Poland. Convergence phenomenon, understood as economic development levels balancing (falling differentiation) has been known since the mid- 1950s. In Poland the convergence problems have been a specific subject of research since the accession to the European Union and the implementation of cohesion policy whose financing is largely related to compensating some imbalances within the Polish regions, i.e. achieving convergence. Some earlier studies show that the outside conver- gence process (understood as reducing the distance of Poland’s development in relation to the EU) does occur, whereas inside convergence processes (understood as reducing the development distance between the regions of Poland) do not occur. This pessimistic conclusion concerns studies on economic growth in the regions (e.g. using GDP base), and below we show that the hypothesis of convergence on local labor markets in Poland could be positively verified. This conclusion was derived on the basis of standard tools which are used to verify a beta and sigma type of convergence and statistical data for the period 1999-2008 taken from Labor Force Survey.
EN
The aim of this paper is the presentation of a spatial panel models appli- cation to analyzing the level of sustainable development realization in 32. European Countries. This type of spatial models has not been used in Poland in this field of re- search. Models construction was based on Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis. It assumes the existence of a relationship between various indicators of environmental degradation and income per capita. In the early stages of economic growth pollution increases. However, above a certain level of high income per capita high-income levels economic growth leads to environmental improvement. This implies that the environ- mental impact indicator is an inverted U-shaped function of income per capita. Selected statistics tools to present the phenomena were also used The data include the years from 1990 to 2006. According to the existence of spatial autocorrelation and results obtained from both parts of the research, assessment and comparison analysis of sustainable development level in Europe were conducted.
EN
Internationalization of economic activity, by opening local economy for global capital flows in the form of foreign direct investment (FDI), is nowadays one of the main conditions of enhancing metropolitan potential of a given area. What also gives evidence about the attractiveness and effectiveness in attracting subsidiaries and branches of transnational corporations (TNCs), is the ability of metropolitan areas (understood as very complex and composite functional urban units), to integrate and coordinate such policies, like: land use planning, public transport, infrastructure, but also investors- oriented place marketing. The aim of this paper is to present the level of coordination of pro-investment policy in the Łódź Metropolitan Area. The analysis is based on research conducted among both public bodies and big foreign directs investors from its local and regional administrative units. It leads to conclusion that cooperation between many authorities engaged in investors-oriented marketing is quite limited and metropolitan area as the whole is lacking a common strategy to attract investors. It seems that in the present stage of Łódź Metropolitan Area development, stronger and more formalized forms of metropolitan integration, should be taken into account.
EN
Metropolitan functions are based on performing services of the highest rank, especially those of the decision-making character connected with the presence of institutions which represent the structures of administration, management and inspection. Performing such functions by the metropolis requires highly qualified staff and causes that concentration of human capital (measured by the share of employees with higher educational level) in the metropolis should be higher than in other areas of the region. Such thesis was proposed with reference to the Lodz metropolis. Its positive verification enables a statement that human capital concentration is in Lodz definitely higher than throughout the whole region (more than 50%). The article also attempts to point out certain consequences of this fact: the main conclusion is that productivity of human capital is lower in Lodz metropolis than in the whole region (also in case of particular sectors of its economy).
EN
The processes of suburbanization are taking place more and more intensively around polish agglomerations. The dynamics and range of this phenomenon force close observation of the processes, as they bring about a lot of negative consequences. The poviat of Pabianice, bordering with Łódź and connected with it with important national roads and featuring attractive natural environment, is especially threatened with negative results of the process of urban sprawl. To research into the range of this process, there have been analyzed, the amount of agricultural land excluded from farming, the changes in the amount of grounds covered by arable lands and forest produce, dwelling and industrial areas and the number of building permits in the communities of the poviat.
EN
The main purpose of this paper is to present changes in working force structure in cross- sec- tion of major occupational groups in Poland on voivodeship level. Spatial differentiation of hu- man capital quality is the main element of cohesion policy. Also, the assessment of the transforma- tion process to economy based on knowledge requires cross-section data analysis, spatial as well. Data which concern labour force structure in major occupational groups in voivodeship cross- section taken from Labour Force Survey have been used in this paper. The data source specificity enables the assessment of labour force professional specialization on voivodeship level and the changes of this specialization with time. Combined analysis of spatial and structural changes with the method of time-series-cross-section data analysis makes it possible to draw conclusions about processes occurring on regional labour markets. It is especially important in the context of cohesion policy implementation.
EN
Natural phenomena such as extreme snowfall may cause diverse losses and costs in land transport, agriculture or life, health inhabitants. One form of protection against this risk is its transfer to the insurance company. This subject should concentrate on the construction of adequate insurance tariffs for this product. For this purpose, in this article, used statistics such as „the number of local threats due to extreme snowfall of 100 thousand inhabitants”. The study shows that the north-eastern and south-east regions, and łódzkie are the most threatened to extreme snow. It is proposed in these regions to increase the amount of insurance premiums, while in others they decrease.
EN
This article is an attempt of identification methods to increase local administration potential exemplified in Poland’s and German’s district city. The article aims to present differences in these transformations characteristics and to describe theirs specifics. The starting point for disputation is reformation’s characteristic referring to new public management and also conceptual basics for local administration modernization in both countries. In this article survey was used which took place among 31 German district cities entitled „Municipal administration modernization in Germany”.
EN
Studies conducted in 11 Polish cities in the first half of 2009 with the financial support of Ernst & Young Better Government Programme, grant title: The EU single market regulations and legislation of public-private partnership (PPP) in urban development projects in Poland have produced several conclusions concerning both the perception of the idea of public-private partnership in Poland and real preparation for its implementation. The aim of the paper is to verify barriers, known from literature, that hinder joint operations within the public-private partnerships.
EN
The recent studies of economic growth have shown increasing interest in the potential economic profits that improved health condition of populations could bring. The World Health Organization’s reports Macroeconomics and Health: Investing in Health for Economic Development of 2001 and The Contribution of Health to the Economy in the European Union of 2005 significantly contributed to the promotion of health as a factor of economic growth. Both of them suggest that investing in health as a vehicle of economic growth is necessary not only in countries at a low level of economic development, but also in the developed ones. This recommendation arises from the fact that education and health are one of the basic determinants of the quality of human capital. On a micro scale, health is treated as a prerequisite for personal development, enabling the achievement of a satisfactory economic status. In terms of the entire economy, the beneficial influence of good health can manifest itself thorough growing productivity of labour, lower costs of absenteeism caused by sick leaves, and limited costs of medical interventions that altogether may improve social well-being and reduce poverty. Variations in economic results caused by health inequalities can be analysed for the entire economy, a region or with respect to individuals. The presented investigation aimed to verify a hypothesis, according to which the health condition of the regional population can be one of the factors determining regional development. The investigation used a panel sample comprising particular voivodeships as they were between 1999 and 2008. Application of dynamic panel data models allowed identifying a relationship between different health indicators and GDP variations.
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