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EN
The verse 35th of the surah 24th of the Quran, better known as Verse of Light is one of the part of Holy Book of Islam, which was frequently interpreted by Muslim mystics. Its rich symbolism causes that many scholars tried to decipher its hidden meaning. This verse was an inspiration for such thinkers as Ibn ‘Arabi or As-Suhrawardi. The treaty of Abu Hamid al-Ghazali, Niche of Lights, is an example of systematic exegesis of this part of the Quran. In this work the mystical deliberations are strictly connected to his ontological and epistemological investigations. In his opinion, the true meaning of verse of Light can be understood only by the mystics, because no one but them can acquire knowledge of God’s secrets. They comprehend that God is the real Light, while the one which we can be perceived with our eyes is only His emanation. In Al-Ghazali’s opinion, reality has two levels: physical and divine. They are both strictly connected to each other and the sensual world is a symbolic reflection of the superior world. Al-Ghazali states that the mystic, who gained the union with God and received some knowledge of reality, can see that nothing except Transcendence has a true existence, because only He exists through His essence, while every created thing has two aspects: one, which is turned to itself and the other one which is turned to God. We can call them a being, only when we consider them as turned to Absolute, but if we consider them while they are turned to itself, they are non-being.
EN
The objective of this paper is to examine the section structure of two national dailies, namely The Guardian and Gazeta Wyborcza with content analysis tools. The differences are then studied in the context of national cultures characterized within the framework of Hofstede’s dimensions of culture and Hall’s low-context and high-context societies. Thereby, we investigate the relationship between national culture and communication patterns occurring in the press to conclude that a national culture has major impact on the overall structure of the dailies, as well as on the length of individual sections and the number of special reports.
EN
The Halcnovian ethnolect is an old dialect of the Bielsko-Biała's language island, no more used in the everyday communication. There are few written documents which refer to his origin, so it is not known well. In this situation the linguistics, and especially the phonology, can help to find out the land of origin of the Halcnovian settlers. In this paper the author try to analyse the phonologic system of the ethnolect in comparison to the historic phonology of the German language that it derives from. The reference level is first of all the Middle High German (in addition, less taken into consideration, the Old High German and the Early New High German), because, how it results from the analysis, it was the last common stage of evolution. The outcome of the study doesn't contradict the information indicated in the few written documents – the ethnolect has probably emerged from the East Central dialects in the 14th-15th century.
DE
Der Alznerische Ethnolekt ist einer der Dialekte der Bielitz-Bialaer Sprachinsel und wird im Alltag nicht mehr gesprochen. Es gibt wenige Dokumente, die die Anfänge der Sprachinsel beschreiben, deswegen sind sie größtenteils unklar. In solch einer Situation kann die Linguistik, besonders die historische Phonologie, bei der Suche nach der Urheimat der Alznerischen Kolonisten behilflich sein. Im Artikel versucht der Autor das phonologische System des Ethnolekts zu analysieren, indem er es mit den Systemen älterer Entwicklungsstufen der deutschen Sprache vergleicht. Die Vergleichsbasis ist dabei das Mittelhochdeutsche (neben den seltener berücksichtigten Althochdeutsch und Frühneuhochdeutsch), weil es, der Forschung nach, die letzte gemeinsame Entwicklungsstufe war. Die Ergebnisse der Analyse widersprechen nicht den Angaben, die in den wenigen Dokumenten zu finden sind – wahrscheinlich hat sich der Ethnolekt im 14.–15. Jahrhundert von den ostmitteldeutschen Dialekten abgetrennt.
EN
Józef Darski, the author of the “Linguistic Model of Analysis” (“Linguistisches Analysemodell”) [1987; 2004] has underlined numerous times in his publications that his model of analysis is only appropriate for the synchronic description of a language. In his considerations Darski pursues precision, which on the one hand enables him to exemplify his model on a number of European languages, namely German, English, French and Polish, and at the same time lets him reach a level of abstraction that guarantees successful application of the mentioned model to research on other languages. Conversely, Michail L. Kotin [2008; 2012] has shown that Darski’s model can very well be used for diachronic research. The article presents the problems of describing the structure of synthetic grammar verb forms in Gothic, Old, Middle and New High German from a synchronic perspective, that is for each of the particular stages of the development of the German language and in Gothic, and from a diachronic perspective, taking into account the historical and comparative aspects, including the relevant language transformations and their role in the forming of the modern paradigm of verb conjugation. The research uses the model of linguistic analysis devised by Józef Darski; however the analysis, was extended by diachronic threads. Since within this article it is impossible to present a complete analysis of the historical language material, the microparadigmas of the indicative and subjunctive moods of both strong and weak verbs were chosen for this purpose.
DE
Der Autor des „Linguistischen Analysemodells“ [1987; 2004], Józef Darski, hat in seinen Publikationen mehrmals betont, dass sein Analysemodell ausschließlich synchron konzipiert ist, d.h. seine Methoden beziehen sich auf einen gegebenen synchronen Querschnitt einer gegebenen Sprache. In seinen Ausführungen strebt Darski nach Präzision, die ihm einerseits die Präsentation seines Modells am Beispiel gewählter europäischer Sprachen, u.a. des Deutschen, Englischen, Französischen und Polnischen ermöglicht, andererseits erlaubt sie ihm den Abstraktionsgrad zu erreichen, der die günstige Anwendung des Modells zur Untersuchung anderer Sprachen gewährleistet. Michail L. Kotin [2008; 2012] hat dagegen bewiesen, dass Darskis Überlegungen auch aus der Perspektive des Sprachwandels betrachtet werden können. Im Artikel werden die Probleme der Beschreibung von synthetischen verbalen Formen im Gotischen, Alt-, Mittel- und Neuhochdeutschen sowohl synchron, d.h. getrennt für das Gotische und jede einzelne historische Etappe des Deutschen, als auch diachron, d.h. im historischen Vergleich, der entsprechende Sprachwandelerscheinungen sowie ihre Rolle bei der Gestaltung des gegenwärtigen Verbalparadigmas berücksichtigt, behandelt. Die Analyse wird anhand des Modells von Józef Darski durchgeführt, wobei sie um diachronische Aspekte erweitert wird. Da im Rahmen dieses Beitrags unmöglich ist, die Analyse des ganzen historischen Sprachmaterials vorzunehmen, wurden zu diesem Zweck Mikroparadigmen des Indikativs sowie Konjunktivs starker wie schwacher Verben gewählt.
EN
Article reflects selected syntactic differences in the two transcriptions of “Rozmyślanie przemyskie” and attempt to answer the question of how to change the image of Old Polish syntax depending on the transcription. RP is a comprehensive, medieval apocrypha. In view of the fact that this text comes from the Old Polish, and for her there is not enough text credentials, researchers often use it as a source of knowledge about inflection, vocabulary or syntax of the fifteenth-century Polish. In the studies on the history of syntax there are many examples of RP to be an illustration of syntactic phenomena Old Polish period. They are cited as transcription, which - as it turns out - is a form of presentation of the text is different from the original: publisher transcription must make arbitrary decisions that are syntax.
PL
Artykuł ma na celu zobrazowanie wybranych różnic składniowych w dwóch transkrypcjach „Rozmyślania przemyskiego” („Chrestomatii staropolskiej” i tzw. wydania fryburskiego) i próbę odpowiedzi na pytanie: jak zmienia się obraz składni staropolskiej w zależności od transkrypcji, po którą sięgnie badacz. RP to obszerny, średniowieczny apokryf. W związku z tym, że zabytek ten pochodzi z tego okresu rozwoju polszczyzny, dla którego istnieje niewiele poświadczeń tekstowych, badacze często korzystają z niego, jako ze źródła wiedzy na temat fleksji, leksyki czy też składni XV-wiecznej polszczyzny. W opracowaniach na temat historii składni pojawia się wiele przykładów z RP, które mają być ilustracją zjawisk składniowych epoki staropolskiej. Przytaczane są one w postaci transkrypcji, która – jak się okazuje – jest formą prezentacji tekstu znacznie już przetworzoną w stosunku do oryginału: wydawca transkrypcji musi podjąć arbitralne decyzje, które mają charakter składniowy.
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