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Zmiany w strukturze pracujących w gospodarce województwa łódzkiego

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Zajdel M., Katedra Polityki Ekonomicznej U. Ł.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1999
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vol. 149
EN
The systemic transformation taking place in Poland exerts a strong influence on changes in employment. The article analyzes the goals and determinants of economic restructuring and the directions of changes in the field of employment in the Łódź Province. The author presents the main factors of changes and analyzes the changes in ownership and generic structure of the work force including the changes of current and long-term nature. The characteristic features of these changes include a significant drop in the number of persons employed in the economy and a diminishing share of employees in the industrial sector accompanied by a growing share of persons employed in services, as well as a growing employment in the private sector.
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Kształcenie dorosłych w Niemczech w zakresie działania Federalnego Urzędu Pracy

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Sadowska-Kowalska E., Katedra Polityki Ekonomicznej U. Ł.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1998
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vol. 147
EN
The Federal Employment Bureau is not directly involved in professional training but it supports such training with its subsidies. It supports professional training through provision of information, counselling, funds (covering costs of training), subsistence and adaptation alowances. The assistance of the Federal Employment Bureau in the field of professional training covers both unemployed and employed persons, qualified and unqualified work force, persons with high job prospects and those encountering difficulties on the labour market. However, the main emphasis has been placed on groups of people especially threatened on the labour market, and particularly on jobless persons, those directly threatened by unemployment, and unqualified persons, i.e. potentially threatened. The article analyzes various types of assistance making allowances for specific problems existing on the labour market in „old” and „new” federal lands. The performed analysis aimed at presenting professional training as an instrument of the employment policy in The Federal Republic oF Germany.
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Procesy transformacji systemowej a rynek pracy w latach 1990-1995

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Kaźmierczak Z., Kryńska E., Katedra Polityki Ekonomicznej U. Ł.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1999
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vol. 149
EN
The article analyzes the most important phenomena and processes occurring in the Polish labour market during the first years of the systemic transformation in Poland. The analysis with the presentation of selected aspects of systemic transformation processes taking place in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The authors present the main problems (effects) and achievements of the period, when economic transformation was initiated and implemented, and show the common and individual characteristics of the situation in particular in this region. Namely, all these countries witnessed: (1) much smaller cuts in employment than in production; (2) significant drop in economic activity rates; (3) growth of long-term unemployment; and (4) increasing number of population living in poverty. Most attention, which is naturally a result of the analyzed subject, was devoted to the headway made in systemic transformation processes in Poland and their implications for the domestic labour market. Moreover, there are discussed the determinants of transformations including: a deep economic crisis, new institutional and instrumental solutions, current economic policy, external determinants and, in particular, the collapse o f trade contacts with the post-socialist countries and economic consequences of political and social factors of the real socialism period. The programme of changes commonly known as the Balcerowicz Programme was oriented at systemic changes (deregularion, liberalization and privatization) and at stabilization of the economy (fight against inflation). Its implementation was based on the set of goals, among which the following sub-sets can be distinguished: (1) strategic goals; (2) operational goals, and (3) structural goals.
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Przeciwdziałanie bezrobociu w Republice Federalnej Niemiec

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Kryńska E., Dąbrowski A., Katedra Polityki Ekonomicznej U. Ł.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1999
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vol. 149
EN
Pursuing an active economic policy by the state is a common phenomenon in the contemporary world. The role played by the state in the economy, the scope and instruments o f economic policies in particular countries tend to vary according to the accepted economic doctrine, internal and external conditions, and the ensuing goals. The present article discusses several chosen concepts of unemployment reduction in Germany from the viewpoint of possibilities of using them in the Polish labour market. The emphasis laid on the unemployment reduction concepts is due to their significance as prerequisites for formulating the goals and instruments of the labour market policy both in Germany and in Poland. A part of the presented strategies and instruments accompaying them are well known in Poland both from the theory as a canon knowledge about instruments of the labour market policy and, to a smaller extent, from the employment policy practice. Drawing attention to these concepts we perceive wider application possibilities of the proposed solutions in conditions of the transforming economies in Central Europe including the Polish labour market.
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Ekonomiczne aspekty rozwoju województwa łódzkiego

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Zajdel M., Katedra Polityki Ekonomicznej U. Ł.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1998
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vol. 147
EN
The process of socio-economic transformation in Poland generates many changes both of local and national character. In this situation, the role of the Łódź Province undergoes a steady evolution. It is characterized by a traditional predominance of light industries affected adversely by changes in demand for their products. The report analyzes certain elements characteristic for this region (administrative province) and its role during the period of systemic transformation. Special attention has been paid to specific changes connected with the very nature of a market economy (among others, changes in branch and ownership structure of enterprises, and their restructuring). Characteristic features of these changes include a relatively stabilized position held by the industry in this region and, on the other hand, the growing role of services and the private sector. The report is based on statistical data for the years 1989-1994 provided by the Provincial Statistical Office in Łódź and the Provincial Labour Office, as well as by the Central Statistical Office in Warszawa. The data were helpful when analyzing the economic situation in this region of Poland. It should be noted also that a number of different issues connected with economic transformations of the region are still open. Hence, it would seem advisable to continue the research in this field.
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Rynek pracy w warunkach transformacji systemowej

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Florczak-Bywalec J., Katedra Polityki Ekonomicznej U. Ł.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1998
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vol. 147
EN
The report analyzes changes occurring on the labour market in the countries undergoing transformations from a centrally planned to a market economy. The most negative social phenomenon accompanying the transformation process is unemployment. Its certain characteristics are common for many countries. Similarities can also be found in population groups particularly threatened by unemployment, or in shares of persons remaining without work for a long time. A stable characteristic of the labour market has become the escape into the informal sector. This phenomenon is most disturbing in Russia, as it largely concerns young people. A common characteristic of all countries under study is feminization of problems connected with unemployment. This issue is analyzed on the example of Poland, Russia and the former GDR. The solving of unemployment problems must be individualized in particular countries due to its different causes and structure, as well as differences in funds which can be allocated for this purpose.
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Łódzki system pośrednictwa pracy

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Kukulak-Dolata I., Katedra Polityki Ekonomicznej U. Ł.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1998
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vol. 147
EN
At the present time we have special administrative units dealing with employment in Poland such as employment agencies. They are responsible for performing public functions satisfying the needs of employers and employees or regulating their behaviours on the labour market. As regards the importance of tasks accomplished, a special role is played by district employment agencies. That is why they have become an object of analysis in this report, which does not mean that the activity of other institutions within this system has been passed unnoticed. Focussing attention on district employment agencies is due to the fact that these institutions, being organs of the state administration, are responsible for the employment policy pursued by the State and for the reduction of unemployment in their areas. They also carry the main responsibility for employment services. The paper is of a theoretical-empirical character and it is composed of four parts. Its first part shows the role and importance of employment agencies against the background of legal regulations. The second part describes the methods and funds of employment agencies, which allow to reduce unemployment. Economic difficulties and emerging social conflicts make it necessary for employment agencies to participate actively in the fight against unemployment. It is a very complex task not easy to solve particularly at the time the State copes with a financial crisis. The third part of the report is focussed on the system of employment agencies in the city of Łódź. It analyzes the conditions in which they operate (premises, personnel, technical problems), and changes in unemployment rates. The operation of one such agency has been evaluated with regard to active forms of employment services curbing unemployment used by it. This approach allowed to identify various problems acting as constraints for employment agencies during the period of systemic changes in the economy. The performed studies allowed to map out the directions of evolution in the system of employment agencies in the fourth part of the report. The author analyzes the possibility of tapping the Polish and foreign experience. We are aware that it should be done with a great deal of caution, because specific economic and social conditions in the Administrative Province of Łódź cause that models already tested elsewhere are not always adequate to our conditions and expectations.
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Małe i średnie przedsiębiorstwa - wybrane problemy definicyjne

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Piątkowski W., Katedra Polityki Ekonomicznej U. Ł.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1999
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vol. 149
EN
The sector of small and medium-sized enterprises is perceived as an extremely important element in all developed economies due to its high development dynamics, effective use of resources, and role in new job creation. It is an object of numerous activities aimed at accelerating its development and growth dynamics. The basis of such activities is compiling a set of criteria allowing to distinguish as precisely as possible small and medium-sized enterprises from among all economic units. The article discusses the definition criteria of SMEs divided into three groups: qualitative, quantitative and mixed criteria, which is supported by examples. The application of all these criteria involves numerous difficulties. Those chosen from among them are analyzed in this article.
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Lokalna polityka rynku pracy na przykładzie województwa łódzkiego (1 990-1996)

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Florczak-Bywalec J., Kukulak-Dolata I., Katedra Polityki Ekonomicznej U. Ł.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1999
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vol. 149
EN
The article discusses the measures taken in the Łódź Administrative province within the framework of the local labour market policy. The most negative social phenomenon accompanying the transformation process in Poland is unemployment. The Łódź Province belongs to the regions, in which the labour market situation was much worse than in the whole country on average. It forced the employment agencies to launch activities aimed at reducing unemployment. The article aims a t analyzing the effectiveness of active forms of the labour market policy adopted by the employment agencies to reduce unemployment. The biggest number of jobs throughout the entire analyzed period was created within the intervention workd. Over the last four years a big part of the unemployed found work owing to new skills acquired by them during training courses. It should be noted that the active employment policy instruments reduce, to some extent, unemployment but they do not eliminate its causes. Consequently, they cannot lead to the elimination of this phenomenon.
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