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Regionalne zróżnicowanie konkurencyjności gospodarki. Analiza na podstawie polskich powiatów

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Roszkowska S., Uniwersytet Łódzki; Wydział Ekonomiczno-Socjologiczny; Instytut Ekonomii
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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2011
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vol. 248
EN
The main goal of the paper is to present the factors of the competiveness in Poland during 2003–2008 on the NUTS 4 level. Main components of the competitiveness analyzed in the paper are: sectoral structure of employment, long-term unemployment, gross value of fixed assets and investment outlays in enterprises and entities of the national economy recorded in the REGON (particularly companies with foreign capital participation). The statistical analyses provided in this paper confirm that there is statistically significant regional diversity of the competitiveness in Polish regions. Moreover, each analyzed component different impacts on whole competitiveness level.
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Oczekiwania płacowe bezrobotnych i ich determinanty – analiza empiryczna

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Kubiak P., Uniwersytet Łódzki; Wydział Ekonomiczno-Socjologiczny; Instytut Ekonomii
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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2011
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vol. 248
EN
The main goal of the paper is to show, empirically, what is the minimum monthly gross salary that would encourage unemployed to take up employment and indicate some determinants of this. In particular we try to examine the impact of unemployment benefits on the level of threshold salary. The studies demonstrated that persons who receive benefits usually have higher salary expectations than the unemployed without the right to benefits. This may – on one hand – indicate that the benefit system puts a higher pressure on salary increases. On the other hand, this may also indicate that persons who receive benefits search for a “better” job.
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Konkurencyjność gospodarki a rynek pracy – analiza na przykładzie powiatów w latach 2003–2008

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Kucharski L., Kwiatkowski E., Uniwersytet Łódzki; Wydział Ekonomiczno-Socjologiczny; Instytut Ekonomii
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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2011
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vol. 248
EN
The goal of the paper is to investigate how economic competitiveness influences upon the situation in the labour market of the Polish poviats in the years 2003–2008. Statistical and econometric analyses are preceded by theoretical considerations on the influence of competitiveness upon the situation in the labour market. Statistical analyses show that the competitiveness level influences the situation in the poviat labour markets positively in the years 2003–2008. The poviats representing the highest competitiveness levels can be characterized by lower average unemployment rates and higher average employment rates while the poviats with the lowest levels of competitiveness can be characterized by opposite labour market indicators.
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Funkcje państwa i rynku z perspektywy kryzysu finansowego

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Godłów-Legiędź J., Uniwersytet Łódzki; Wydział Ekonomiczno-Socjologiczny; Instytut Ekonomii
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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2011
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vol. 248
EN
The perennial conflict between the supporters of market solutions and interventionism is based on contrasting the market with regulation. The aim of this article is to analyze the opportunities and threats faced by alternative regulation mechanisms from the perspective of the crisis in the global economy, as well as to give an account of contemporary economics from this angle. The article is focused around three hypotheses. First, development of the modern financial sector has changed functions of market prices. Second, it is a mistake to put the market system and regulation in opposition to each other. Third, the underlying cause of the crisis is the violation of classical rules of rational economy. The last one results both from politics and the methodology of contemporary economics.
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Wprowadzenie

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Kwiatkowski E., Kucharski L., Uniwersytet Łódzki; Wydział Ekonomiczno-Socjologiczny; Instytut Ekonomii
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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2011
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vol. 248
6
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Kierunki zmian w dostępności ochrony zdrowia w województwie łódzkim u progu XXI w.

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Bukowska-Piestrzyńska A., Uniwersytet Łódzki; Wydział Ekonomiczno-Socjologiczny; Instytut Ekonomii
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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2011
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vol. 253
EN
Equality in the access to health service is one of major human rights, and providing it is the basic aim of every health care system. Changes which are taking place in Poland - migration processes, the aging society with simultaneous strong demographic differentiation in regional cross-section, restructuring of medical facilities etc., cause changes in accessibility to medical facilities. For the last twenty years the average life span of the Lodz voivodeship inhabitants has been on the lowest level in Poland. The research objective of this paper is to find an answer to the question whether the relatively short life span of Lodz voivodeship inhabitants is influenced by limited access to medical infrastructure. The article presents the essence of the problem of accessibility to health protection and indicates the measures of its assessment: subjective - the assessment of accessibility carried out by patients based on the survey (based on social diagnosis) and objective – including the number of hospitals and hospital beds per 10 000 inhabitants, the number of primary health care clinics and dental clinics per 10 000 inhabitants, advice provided per capita and the number of people per public pharmacy (based on Central Statistical Office data and Health Care Clinics registers). The accessibility to medical infrastructure analysis in the Lodz voivodeship has been presented against the background of Poland. The carried out analysis does not enable a positive verification of the thesis that the relatively short life span of Lodz voivodeship inhabitants is af- fected by limited access to health care infrastructure.
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Partycypacja finansowa a polityka państwa

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Kozłowski M., Uniwersytet Łódzki; Wydział Ekonomiczno-Socjologiczny; Instytut Ekonomii
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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2011
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vol. 248
EN
In the article we can submit a proposition, that key influence on nature and range of financial participation exert fiscal and legal frames set up by central authorities, what can be confirmed by results of sectional and national research of financial participation carried out from 1990. What should be underlined, that it is not only a matter of regulation of status of participation programs in labor law and tax system, but it is also connected with company law, capital market, issue of stocks, admittance of financial tools to public turnover, with accountancy rules etc. For example, thanks to legal regulations of relating issue and of purchase of stock by companies, in Germany in 1998 the limitations relating to use option on purchase of stock were suppressed one did away (one put to death) what permitted to German companies to use this tool in financing of firms’ growth, in spite of a lack of legislative initiatives and tax encouragements. In Italy, the reforms of corporative governments (e.g. greater protection of smaller investors), became the key factor in further development of financial participation based on share-based financial participation. 25
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System edukacji wobec wyzwa rynku pracy w Polsce

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Stasiak J., Uniwersytet Łódzki; Wydział Ekonomiczno-Socjologiczny; Instytut Ekonomii
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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2011
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vol. 248
EN
The main aim of this paper is to attempt to answer the following questions: In which direction is changing the Polish educational system? Is the changes of the education system responds to the needs of the labor market? In other words, whether trained in this occupations which are demanded on the labor market? In Poland over the last several years the education system has undergone enormous changes, resulting from both demographic processes and the transformation of the system. Currently, almost all public schools and educational institutions are run by local government units. Unfortunately, the reform also led to the emergence of some negative phenomena, among which the most important is probably the growing mismatch between the educational offer to labor market needs. Since the beginning of the transformation is dynamically developing higher education. A great many non-public schools operating primarily in the fields of economic education and administration. The current labor market situation and priorities of the EU indicate that specialists are needed to polytechnic education.
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Determinanty zmian zatrudnienia w krajach Unii Europejskiej w latach 2005–2010

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Kwiatkowski E., Włodarczyk P., Uniwersytet Łódzki; Wydział Ekonomiczno-Socjologiczny; Instytut Ekonomii
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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2012
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vol. 268
EN
The purpose of this paper is to detect the basic factors determining the size of employment in European Union countries and to identify the nature of adjustment mechanisms operating in the labour market during the global crisis. This paper analyses the determinants of employment in the European Union in the years 2005– 2010, and makes an attempt to assess changes in the nature of adjustment processes in the labor markets observed during the economic crisis of 2007–2010. On theoretical grounds the main determinants of employment are: the level of GDP, real wages, working time and the openness of the economy. Statistical analysis confirmed the existence of a strong relationship between changes in employment and GDP in the period considered and the possibility of explaining differences in trends of both economic categories in the EU countries by the differences in the openness of their economy, differences in the strength of the reaction of real wages, and the differences in the use of reduced working time. Econometric analysis based on a panel model for 24 European Union countries has shown that both the production and real wages were important determinants of employment in EU countries. During the crisis the phenomenon of labor hoarding was present in a group of countries and the differences in the performance of adjustment mechanisms were visible among distinguished groups.
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Czy możliwy jest rozwój innowacyjności polskiej gospodarki

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Kasperkiewicz W., Uniwersytet Łódzki; Wydział Ekonomiczno-Socjologiczny; Instytut Ekonomii
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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2012
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vol. 268
EN
The paper considers the very important issue of innovativeness of Polish economy with particular attention given to its innovation policy. The major thesis of the paper argues that the growth of innovativeness in the Polish economy requires structural, institutional and financial changes in the long run. The analysis is based on the set of indices reported by the European Commission (European Innovation Scoreboard), Information Technology and Innovation Foundation, and UNU-MERIT Maastricht University. The paper is divided into two parts. The first one deals with the assessment of innovative potential and innovative performance of Polish economy. The author compares Poland with other EU economies in terms of innovation. This comparison reveals that the Polish economy is still at an early stage of innovation. The second part discusses the issue of the strategy which would prove effective in the development of innovativeness of the Polish economy.
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Minimum Wage in Poland: Economy-wide or Regionally Differentiated?

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Rogut A., Żółkiewski Z., Uniwersytet Łódzki; Wydział Ekonomiczno-Socjologiczny; Instytut Ekonomii
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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2011
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vol. 248
EN
The aim of the paper is to verify the hypothesis that minimum wage may have negative impact on employment in Poland, at least for some workers groups and regions. After having reviewed theoretical literature on minimum wage and having discussed stylized facts on minimum wage in Poland, the authors define econometric model to check the impact of minimum wage on employment in Poland and then discuss the results. The main conclusion of the study is that while minimum wage legislation is not very important for the whole labour market performance it may create adverse effects to employment of some vulnerable groups like young workers. 41
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Polityka pieniężna a bezrobocie równowagi w Polsce

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Kucharski L., Uniwersytet Łódzki; Wydział Ekonomiczno-Socjologiczny; Instytut Ekonomii
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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2012
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vol. 268
EN
The purpose of this paper is to present the equilibrium level of unemployment in Poland and examine whether the changes in it affected the degree of restrictiveness of monetary policy between 1998 and 2009. An estimation based on the flow methods within those years, showed that the equilibrium level of unemployment, shifted in the same direction as the actual rate of unemployment. This may indicate the occurrence of hysteresis effect in unemployment in the Polish economy; however, this hypothesis requires a separate analysis. In addition, What's more, during almost the whole period (except for 2001) the level of the actual unemployment rate exceeded the level of equilibrium unemployment. This may suggest that the monetary policy conducted by the NBP was too restrictive. An analysis of the MCI indices showed that the degree of restrictiveness of monetary policy was changing over the period stance. During that time there was a very weak negative correlation between MCI index (which measures the degree of restrictiveness of monetary policy) and the level of equilibrium unemployment.
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Procesowe i organizacyjne innowacje w centrach usług wspólnych

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Szukalski S. M., Uniwersytet Łódzki; Wydział Ekonomiczno-Socjologiczny; Instytut Ekonomii
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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2012
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vol. 268
EN
The author of the article touches on the issue of innovations in business services connected with creation and functioning of shared service centers. Particular attention was paid to process and organisational innovations in accountancy centers. The last part of the article concerns the characteristics of foreign shared service centers in Poland.
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Rozkład obciążeń podatkowych w Polsce

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Krajewska A., Krajewski P., Uniwersytet Łódzki; Wydział Ekonomiczno-Socjologiczny; Instytut Ekonomii
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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2011
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vol. 248
EN
Four important changes in tax system in Poland have been carried out in Poland since 2004: −the lowering of corporate income tax rate from 27% to 19%, −the reduction of social insurance premium from 13% to 6%, −the replacement of three personal income tax rates (19%, 30% and 40%) with two rates (18% and 32%), −the introduction of a tax allowances for families with children. Statistical data from Ministry of Finance and our own investigations are used to examine the results of mentioned changes in tax system. The stress is put on fiscal and redistribution aspects of tax reform. The main conclusions are following: 1. The Polish tax system changes following a different course than that accepted for tax reforms in EU-15. 2. The changes in tax system have negative impact on the level and structure of the state budget. 3. The reform have primarily benefited entrepreneurs and the wealthiest households, while the incomes of many poor households have not changed.
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Bezrobocie w grupach problemowych na rynku pracy w Polsce

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Kwiatkowska W., Uniwersytet Łódzki; Wydział Ekonomiczno-Socjologiczny; Instytut Ekonomii
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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2012
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vol. 268
EN
The article deals with the issue of unemployment among problem groups in the labour market. The aforementioned groups are characterised by a relatively high rate of unemployment, which translates into their being particularly prone to and dominant in unemployment. The aim of this article is to discuss the situation of the following groups in the labour market in Poland: the young unemployed below 25 years of age, unemployed women, individuals of poor education and those remaining unemployed over a long period of time. An attempt has been made to find out whether the situation of these groups has improved in the years 2005 and 2010 in relation to the year 2000. The article presents reasons for unemployment in each of the groups along with possibilities of improving their positions in the labour market through application of labour market activation measures. Differentiation has been carried out between demand and supply-oriented measures, as well as special programmes. The author also discusses the roles of the above mentioned instruments and emphasizes the importance of the Poviat Employment Agencies in raising employment opportunities and reducing unemployment among the problem groups.
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Wprowadzenie

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Kasperkiewicz W., Kwiatkowski E., Uniwersytet Łódzki; Wydział Ekonomiczno-Socjologiczny; Instytut Ekonomii
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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2012
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vol. 268
LA
Wprowadzenie do nr 268 Acta Universitatis Lodziensis, Folia Oeconomica
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Zatrudnienie w przedsiębiorstwach bezpośredniego inwestowania w Polsce w warunkach międzynarodowego kryzysu gospodarczego

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Madaj K., Uniwersytet Łódzki; Wydział Ekonomiczno-Socjologiczny; Instytut Ekonomii
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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2012
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vol. 268
EN
The experience of credit crunch and its far-reaching consequences have cast a shadow on foreign direct investment, which is considered one of the key solutions to the problem of unemployment. Along with falling international FDI flows, 2008 saw a decrease in importance of highly-developed countries as recipients of FDI. This paper analyses the stability of vacancies created by transnational corporations in Poland, aiming to assess whether policies focused on attracting FDI prove fruitful in times of economic volatility, cutting costs and axing jobs. And if so, then which regions of Poland succeed in retaining vacancies while others do not manage to compete against the emerging markets? The findings presented in the article might thus support or, alternatively, undermine policies of attracting FDI at the cost of losing incomes from tax and disadvantaging local entrepreneurs in their efforts to acquire highly-qualified labour.
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Pakiet antykryzysowy jako instrument wspierania rynku pracy i przedsi biorców

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Stępniak-Kucharska A., Uniwersytet Łódzki; Wydział Ekonomiczno-Socjologiczny; Instytut Ekonomii
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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2011
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vol. 248
EN
The economic crises affect all areas of micro – and macro-economic sphere. The labor market is particularly vulnerable to unfavorable changes caused by weakening economic activity. In response to global economic crisis of 2008, that is well before the first symptoms of crisis showed up in Poland, several projects were established in order to introduce systemic solutions controlling results of Poland’s economic slowdown. The “Anti-crisis Package” adopted in mid-July 2009 is to control the economic slowdown and enable more dynamic and effective response to changes of socio-economic situation. Other facilitations would enhance and direct support for areas most vulnerable to consequences of economic recession. The adopted solutions envisage support both for employees and employers in financial trouble. The purpose of the study is to present support instruments included in the 2009 “Anti-crisis Package” and analysis of the previously available instruments.
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Changes in sectoral structure of employment in Poland in comparison to the European Union

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Dworak E., Malarska A., Uniwersytet Łódzki; Wydział Ekonomiczno-Socjologiczny; Instytut Statystyki i Demografii, Uniwersytet Łódzki; Wydział Ekonomiczno-Socjologiczny; Instytut Ekonomii
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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2010
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vol. 242
PL
Przedmiotem opracowania jest diagnostyka i ocena przeobrażeń w sektorowej strukturze zatrudnienia w krajach UE w czasie. Na tym tle eksponowane są zmiany w GN Polski w okresie 1997– 2008. Dla zilustrowania i empirycznej weryfikacji teorii trzech sektorów A. Fishera, C. Clarka i J. Fourastie zorientowanej na ocenę procesu modernizacji unijnych gospodarek wykorzystane zostały klasyczne narzędzia analizy statystycznej oraz mało znana w Polsce, a popularna w USA, technika pomiaru sektorowych zmian strukturalnych w czasie, jaką jest technika przesunięć udziałów (shift-share).
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