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NON-QUANTUM THEORIES OF ATOMIC STRUCTURE DISCUSSED IN THE JOURNAL 'WSZECHSWIAT' IN THE YEARS 1882-1914

100%
Dolecki M.
Analecta. Studia i Materiały z Dziejów Nauki
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2005
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vol. 14
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issue 1-2(27-28)
167-184
EN
The paper gives a brief account of those non-quantum theories of atomic structure which were most frequently discussed in the years 1882-1914 in 'Wszechswiat' (The Universe), a Warsaw-based weekly devoted to the natural sciences. The paper describes both the works of foreign scientists, and the comments by Polish authors. Now the models are only of a historical significance, which means that many of them remain unknown even to people who are professionally engaged in atomic physics. A considerable amount of experimental data, such as the complex form of emission and absorption atomic spectra, the periodicity of properties of elements, simple arithmetical interdependencies between atomic masses, and finally the discovery of the electron in 1897, led the 19th-century naturalists to recognize the complex structure of the atom. The paper discusses very briefly the following issues: the role of positive and negative particles in the structure of the atom, the ratio of mass to electricity (involved in the discussion on the theory of the electromagnetic origin of mass), and ether (the view of atoms as vortexes in ether, as conceived of by Benjamin Thomson, Gustave Le Bon and Nikolaus Dellinghausen), as well as selected conceptions of atomic structure - non-planetary (by Joseph John Thomson and Philipp Lenard) and planetary (by Ernest Rutherford and John Nicholson).
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BOTANY IN THE WARSAW-BASED JOURNALS 'PAMIETNIK FIZJOGRAFICZNY' AND 'WSZECHSWIAT'

100%
Majewski T.
Analecta. Studia i Materiały z Dziejów Nauki
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2005
|
vol. 14
|
issue 1-2(27-28)
147-155
EN
The paper discusses two naturalist journals published in Warsaw from the beginning of 1880s (i.e. during the times of the Russian occupation in the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century), when no Polish university-level schools were allowed. The two journals were initiated by the same group of naturalists, mainly with ties to the Polish university in Warsaw (Szkola Glówna), which was active between 1862 and 1869. 'Pamietnik Fizjograficzny' (The Physiographic Diary) was published in the years 1881-1921, at first on an annual basis, and later less regularly. Among its editors were botanists, e.g. Tytus Chalubinski, a well-known Warsaw physician, and Jerzy Alexandrowicz. The journal published original studies in botany, zoology, geology, meteorology and anthropology. 'Wszechswiat' (The Universe) was a weekly published in the years 1882-1914. It contained many review articles by all of the eminent Polish botanists of those times, as well as original floristic reports. Both journals played an important role in promoting knowledge of botany in this part of Poland.
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