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1

Pochówki bydlęce i depozyty kości zwierzęcych ze stanowisk kultury unietyckiej na Śląsku

100%
Gralak T.
Śląskie Sprawozdania Archeologiczne
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2011
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vol. 53
211-223
EN
Archaeological fieldwork attending the construction of motorway A4 led to the discovery of a number of settlements and cemeteries of Únětice Culture people. Some of these sites contained features of a form previously not recorded in this culture unit, including cattle burials and specially prepared animal bone deposits. The chronology of the former was determined only basing on radiocarbon dating. Cattle burials were identified at Wojkowice 15, Nowa Wieś Wrocławska 4, and at Milejowice 19 (distr. Wrocław). C14 dates obtained are respectively: 3690 ± 190 BP, 3515 ± 35BP, 3585 ± 35BP. Two burials were inside the settlement, the third, at Milejowice, was discovered in the cemetery. Every time the alignment of the skeleton was approximately in line with N-S axis, with the head towards the south. In addition, at Milejowice and Nowa Wieś Wrocławska, the position of the skull indicated prior decapitation. The chronology of yet another cattle burial, discovered at Szczepankowice, site 1, is not without ambiguity as it was determined based on the position of this feature within the cemetery of the Únětice Culture people. The animal was deposited in line with NS axis, its head towards the north. The skeleton was on its left side, with the neck vertebrae and the head flexed back, suggesting that the animal’s neck had been broken. Also recorded in settlements at Wojkowice and at Nowa Wieś Wrocławska were pits containing intentional animal bone deposits. Presumably they represent consumption remains. However, they differ visibly from similar finds originating from other settlement features. Very likely they represent the entire remains of a given animal, deposited in a specially prepared pit. The quantity of other bones present was negligible or there were none at all (Table 1). Thus, the feature was used only once. From Wojkowice site 15 we also have a find of five pits containing deposits of animal bone. One of them: 658-I-98, has a chronology based on a C14 date of 3510 ± 180 BP. Two similar deposits were discovered at Nowa Wieś Wrocławska. Cattle burials and animal bone deposits find close analogy in Mierzanowice Culture. Their presence our region intimates the existence during Early Bronze Age of rituals with an intercultural character.
2

EXPANZIA ÚNĚTICKEJ KULTÚRY SO ZRETEĽOM NA NÁLEZY Z ÚZEMIA SLOVENSKA

88%
Mitáš V.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
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2013
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vol. 61
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issue 2
203 – 321
EN
The study is dedicated to the problem of expansion of the Únětice Culture on the territory of Slovakia in the Early Bronze Age. It critically follows the experience elaborated about centenary research on the Slovak Únětice Culture. It follows the chronological and territorial framework of expansion, but even the causes and options of its realization. Archaeological finds on the expansion of this entity from the original territory to Slovakia are divided into three groups. The first group is associated with infiltration of the Únětice Culture into the settlement area of the Epi-Corded Ware Cultural Complex, reflected in the so-called small mobility. Further, it observes the intensification occurrence of the artefacts and cultural expressions of the Únětice Culture during the late classical phase of the Nitra Culture and the culmination of this process during the so-called Nitra-Únětice phase. In this phase, more extensive migrations were performed, showing attributes of the so-called great mobility – expansion of the Únětice Culture to the east of the river Morava. The second group already documents settlement of the Únětice Culture in western Slovakia. The progress is observed in the prehistoric crafts as well as changes in the burial rite, settlement dynamics and others. After establishment of the classical phase of the Únětice Culture and substantial innovation of economic sphere, ‘Carpathian colouration’ occurred in its inventory. It is considered as accelerated development and the beginning of the so-called Únětice-Maďarovce phase. The Únětice Culture in the observed area demonstrably accelerated social development and contributed to the birth of proto-urban civilization of the advanced period of the Early Bronze Age. The third group documents finds of the Únětice Culture outside of its settlement area. They point to the spread and impact of the Únětice goods, but also to the decay of its characteristic production at the end of the Early, eventually at the beginning of the Middle Bronze Age. Cardinal discovery is its ‘exchange-trade-prospector’ background and association to the main communications and exchange-trade routes in the Early Metal Age. Migrations connected with the Únětice Culture may have been realized through overland, as well as river connections. Routes leading through the Bratislava Gate or through the Bratislava West Carpathian passes are hypothetically considered.
3
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REKONŠTRUKCIA PODOBY TVÁRE MUŽA A ŽENY ZO STARŠEJ DOBY BRONZOVEJ

75%
Masnicová S., Miklíková Z., Beňuš R.
Študijné zvesti
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2010
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issue 48
81 - 89
EN
The article deals with a reconstruction of face from skulls of two adults – a middle-aged man from grave 80 and a young woman from grave 234 at the cemetery in Pata. The reconstruction drew on data acquired from osteological study. Drawings were made at two levels: norma frontalis (en face) and norma lateralis sinistra – for the man, norma frontalis (en face) and norma lateralis dextra – for the woman. The comparison of the recorded values of morphological and metric features of both individuals with average values recorded for the whole set indicates that typologically the man and the woman are typical representatives of the population which buried at the cemetery in Pata in the Early Bronze Age. The results of the anthropological study showed that morphologically it was a relatively homogeneous group of people. The recorded anthropological indexes, which generally characterise the proportionality of the body, sex and the affiliation of the individual to a certain morphological type, indicate that both man and woman from the cemetery belonged to the so-called robust leptodolichomorfs or “nordics” with long and narrow skulls. The drawn facial reconstructions and results of anthropological study in Pata add to our picture of the carriers of the Únětice culture, which is also spread on the territory of south-western Slovakia. The drawing reconstructions are to a certain extent influenced by the artistic creativity of their author, yet they were made on the basis of scientific data and render essential morphological features of the peoples of the Únětice culture.
4
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ZUR BRONZEZEITLICHEN SIEDLUNG BUHUBERG IN WAIDENDORF

75%
Benkovsky-Pivovarová Z.
Študijné zvesti
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2008
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issue 43
23 - 41
EN
In 1988 B. Hahnel published a monograph dealing with a settlement at Buhuberg in Waidendorf. Buhuberg is a cone-shaped protuberance with a 160 x 90 m plateau and a descent on the north. On its western part there is a terrace protruding 3 m over adjacent fields. The plateau eastern side is declining from the 30 m height to the Morava River. The settlement cannot be considered the upland-type one because it was situated only on slightly undulating landscape. Its bloom is dated to the Věteřov culture period, but finds and radiocarbon dating put its 1st phase (phase 1) to the Únětice culture period. However, the finds dated to the Únětice culture were excavated also in higher layers and several pits belonging to this culture. Buhuberg is the only settlement site within the Moravia-Lower Austria group of the Únětice culture, on which horizontal stratigraphy of the Únětice and Věteřov cultures can be expected. B. Hahnel discovered 2 m high group of layers at the south-western part and a profile at the plateau western part revealed that the terrace were formed by gradual accumulation of the settlement layers on approximately 80 cm high knoll. At least this part of the settlement at Buhuberg can be assumed to be of the tell type.
5

HROBOVÉ NÁLEZY ÚNĚTICKEJ KULTÚRY Z ROKU 1898 V ŠENKVICIACH

75%
Nevizánsky G., Prohászka P.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
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2017
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vol. 65
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issue 2
195 – 206
EN
The article deals with the finds from Šenkvice, which were found in 1898. With methods of the archival archeology it was possible to reconstruct the finding circumstances and identify the majority of the finds. Accoding to the letter of Franz Meissl, former mayor of the town Pezinok, a skeleton grave with objects were excavated in the area of the brick factory. Meissl collected them and send the finds to the Hungarian National Museum. He reported about the finding circumstances and enclosed a map of the locality. Only a part of the finds are now in the collection of the National Museum. Most of them belong to the earliest assemblages of the Únětice culture in Slovakia. Bronze jewelry and a clay pot were in grave. These hair rings, a cyprian needle and a tutuli are typical typs of the Únětice culture. From the locality Meissl sent shards of red painted pottery vessels that were typical for the neolith Lengyel culture to the National Museum. The authors anlyzed and evaluated the objects and the other Early Bronze Age finds and localities of Šenkvice.
6
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ZU FRÜH- UND MITTELBRONZEZEITLICHEN FUNDEN VON BAJČ IN DER SÜDWESTSLOWAKEI

75%
Benkovsky-Pivovarová Z.
Študijné zvesti
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2019
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issue 66
7 – 18
EN
Three graves with daggers were uncovered at the burial ground in Bajč-Ragoňa II in 1964. In one of them, in grave 39, 50 – 60 year-old woman was buried. The list of positively anthropologically confirmed and probably female graves with daggers of the Únětice culture in Moravia and Slovakia, including grave 100 of the Maďarovce culture from Jelšovce, proves that daggers approx. 5 – 18 cm long come from graves of 20 – 60 year-old women. Besides others, finds from the Middle Bronze Age were discovered at the settlement in Bajč-Vlkanovo during the research in 1964 and 1965. It is questionable whether the bronze artefacts from feature IX can be characterized as a hoard. A stone amulet and a vessel sherd resembling pottery from the so-called A2/B1 transitive horizon from this feature are noteworthy. A large vessel of the Middle Danube Tumulus culture comes from pit 13. It was probably used as a pithos; seven graves of this type are known from the Early and Middle Bronze Age in Slovakia. Pottery of the Middle Danube Tumulus culture was also discovered in pit 27; pit 56 contained potteries of the Maďarovce culutre and the Otomani-Füzesabony cultural complex. In general, finds from this settlement document slow penetration of the Middle Danube Tumulus culture in the environment of surviving Early Bronze cultures of the north-west Carpathian basin in stage B1.
7

GRAB 3 AUS DEM AUNJETITZER GRÄBERFELD VON GEITZENDORF. DER ERSTE NACHWEIS EINER METALLVERARBEITERIN IN DER FRÜHBRONZEZEIT NIEDERÖSTERREICHS

75%
Lauermann E., Pany-Kucera D.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
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2013
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vol. 61
|
issue 1
93 – 106
EN
The cemetery of Geitzendorf with 15 documented graves provides an important contribution to the knowledge of Únětice Culture in Lower Austria. Among the grave group, the female grave V3 certainly represents the most important one. In a depth of 70 cm below the actual surface the grave shaft was clearly visible. In a depth of 120 cm a brown layer with an extension of 160 x 58 cm can be interpreted as wooden coffin. The skeleton was severely disturbed in the pelvis and the thorax regions. Like all the graves from Geitzendorf, this burial was robbed in ancient times. Besides the preserved jewellery like rings or spiral tubes, two amber beads were found as well. Among the ceramic finds the imitation of a leather poach is worth to be mentioned. Four cushion stones could have been used as tools for metal working. The stones were found dispersed in the back of the burial, outside the dark layer. Stone ST22 was covered by a small cup, immediately behind the skull. Anthropological examination of the skull – the pelvis is not preserved – point to the woman who died at the age of 45 – 60 years. The skeletal remains also showed some pathology. The arthrotic transformations were visible at the right temporomandibular joint as well as at the corresponding Fossa mandibularis of the skull. The right clavicle shows a severe, but healed fracture. The female goldsmith buried in Geitzendorf seems to be a unique phenomenon and raises new questions regarding the role of women in the Early Bronze Age society. It is not quite sure whether the stone tools in the burial represent the complete tool set of a goldsmith. The objects could also be regarded a pars pro toto. In the Early Bronze Age area of study, nonambiguous burials of the metal workers have been rarely found. Overall, the badly preserved finds from the cemetery, consisting mainly of ceramics, can be dated into the classic phase BA2 of the Únětice Culture.
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