Search results

1

Na co všechno můžeme narazit?

100%

Škodová S.

Bohemistyka

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2021

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issue 2

EN

The article deals with the current use of the verb narazit na “to come across” in contemporary Czech. Based on examples from the Czech National Corpus, it analyses the types of collocations and points out their specifics. The analysis focuses on the non-primary, resp. abstract meanings of this verb.

2

Desatero úskalí při výzkumu afázií

100%

Flanderková E., Mertins B.

Časopis pro moderní filologii (Journal for Modern Philology)

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2015

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vol. 97

|

issue 1

81-84

EN

The paper addresses some of the pitfalls connected with the investigation of the language of aphasic patients. In total, ten pitfalls are presented and briefly discussed: three of them are related to neurological and psycho-social aspects, two to linguistic-empirical aspects, and one to the overall cognitive system. There are also three pitfalls focusing on methodological issues and one addressing the logistics of empirical research on aphasic patients.

3

Projekt Lexikálně-sémantické databáze češtiny (LSD-Czech): uživatelský pojmový slovník a online database

100%

Obstová Z., Tichý O., Klégr A.

Studie z aplikované lingvistiky - Studies in Applied Linguistics

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2022

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vol. 13

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issue 2

86-98

EN

The paper introduces the upcoming outputs of the Lexico-Semantic Database Project (LSD-Czech) supported by The Technology Agency of the Czech Republic (TA CR) [TL02000041]: a Czech online conceptual dictionary and a lexico-semantic database. It reviews the phases of the implementation of the project and its results to be made available by the end of 2022. It describes both the dictionary and the database (from which the dictionary is generated). While the dictionary is intended for the general user, the database will serve linguists and experts in natural language processing and language data application. The paper briefly discusses the field of onomasiological lexicography, focusing on what is an onomasiological dictionary, what dictionaries of this type exist for Czech, and introduces the two dictionaries on which the database is founded, Haller’s Český slovník věcný a synonymický (1969–86) and Klégr’s Tezaurus jazyka českého (2007). The focus of the paper is on the description of the functions and features of the dictionary, the steps whereby to search in it and the envisaged future improvements. Finally, it gives the specifications of the database and the next steps planned in its development.

4

Tradiční pomístní jména a jejich postavení v živé anoikonymii

84%

Pleskalová J.

Acta onomastica

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2020

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vol. 61

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issue 1

175-184

EN

Any anoikonymy contains both traditional names, many of which are getting out of use, and names that have originated recently (living, i.e. currently in use). The aim of this contribution is to demonstrate their mutual relationships and on this basis formulate the conditions any anoikonym must comply with in order to keep a stable position within a particular anoikonymy. The material basis of this specific research is anoikonymy in the south of Moravia (a region in the Czech Republic). The research has proved that durability of each anoikonym depends on the way the named object is used in the outside world. If an object serves as an important point for orientation or if it is an object well known to the majority of inhabitants in its surroundings, the function of its name is to serve for orientation and it remains in the living anoikonymy until the situation changes. The validity of these conclusions is of general character, being in accordance with current research of living toponymy.

5

Kategoriální normy češtiny pro 12 kategorií

84%

Chromý J., Diatka V., Džupová O.

Studie z aplikované lingvistiky - Studies in Applied Linguistics

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2015

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vol. 6

|

issue 2

26-51

XX

In this paper, we offer an overview of available category norms and of methodology of their creation. In the second part of the paper, category norms for 12 categories in Czech are presented (i.e. an alcoholic beverage, a colour, a crime, a four-legged animal, a fruit, a metal, a part of the human body, a relative, a sport, a type of vehicle, a toy, a weapon). These norms are then analysed in relation with linguistic frequency and token length. The problems of correlating linguistic frequency which is based on corpus data with associative frequency which is based on category norms are discussed. Preliminarily, it seems that the members of more constrained categories are in a closer relation to each other and activate each other more strongly than members of more open categories. This can be explained based on the principles of the Spreading Activation Theory of Semantic Processing (Collins — Loftus, 1975).

6

Ke zpracování názvů farmaceutických výrobků v Akademickém slovníku současné češtiny

84%

Procházková B.

Časopis pro moderní filologii (Journal for Modern Philology)

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2022

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vol. 104

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issue 2

230-246

EN

The article deals with the methodology of processing names of pharmaceutical products in the monolingual Academic Dictionary of Contemporary Czech (Akademický slovník současné češtiny), under preparation at the Czech Language Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences since 2012. The article focuses on the choice of genera proxima in the explanatory definitions and their segmentation according to different shades of meaning. Special attention is paid to the selection of appropriate examples illustrating the meaning of the given lexical units and to the use of a terminological label for each dictionary entry. Based on a sample of entries belonging to this lexico-semantic group of words, the article aims to compare the approach to their lexicographical processing in the forthcoming dictionary and in previous Czech, Slovak and English monolingual dictionaries.

7

Slovo to v mluvených korpusech ČNK, jeho prefixace a reduplikace

84%

Klimešová P., Komrsková Z., Kopřivová M., Lukeš D.

Časopis pro moderní filologii (Journal for Modern Philology)

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2015

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vol. 97

|

issue 1

21-30

EN

The word form to (that.SG.N) traditionally tops frequency tables in corpora of spoken Czech: as a universal (gender- and number-neutral) exophoric (deictic) and endophoric (co-referential) device, it is crucial for spontaneous, unplanned discourse which requires reinforcing references to the context and co-text. Our estimate based on the ORAL series corpora is that about 70% of the instances of to in informal spoken language preserve strong referential semantics (i.e. the endo/exophoric function is preserved). In the remaining cases these functions are attenuated to different degrees: about 20% are part of what a phraseologically-oriented account would consider as indivisible chunks (often multi-word units expanding on the stub to + je.be.3SG), whereas the remaining 10% are purely pragmatic (chiefly serving as a turn-taking/keeping device). As the data show, to can even be prefixed, acting as a surrogate verb, and it is often reduplicated; both strategies indicate an attempt not to yield one’s turn while searching for words. A comparison of their relative frequencies in spoken and written corpora reveals these constructions as characteristic of spoken language.

8

O výjimkových frázích v češtině

84%

Kloudová V.

Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)

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2021

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vol. 82

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issue 2

118-138

EN

Exceptive phrases are a group of expressions used to indicate that something is an exception (e.g. English except Mars, Czech kromě Marsu). Some of these expressions are ambiguous: either they can subtract something from a particular set or they can add something to it. For these two types of phrases, this paper introduces the terms extractive exceptive phrases and additive exceptive phrases, respectively. The core of this paper is the examination of the semantic and syntactic properties of both types of exceptive phrases in Czech, with a focus on phrases headed by the ambiguous expression kromě. We build our analysis on the basis of the description of exceptive phrases provided by the formal semantics literature. Our investigation leads us to the conclusion that the Czech language has, in fact, two distinct expressions of kromě with different grammatical properties.

9

Introducing a phonotactic probability calculator for Czech

84%

Čechová P., Cilibrasi L., Henyš J., Čecho J.

Naše řeč (Our Speech)

|

2023

|

vol. 106

|

issue 1

72-83

EN

Phonotactic probability refers to the frequency with which phonological segments and sequences of phonological segments occur in words in a given language (Vitevitch – Luce, 2004). It has been shown that phonotactic probabilities of words are important in language processing and language acquisition (Jusczyk et al., 1994; Mattys – Jusczyk, 2001; Pitt – McQueen, 1998). For example, words with high phonotactic probability are processed faster by native speakers in same-different tasks (Luce – Large, 2001), and pseudowords with high phonotactic probability are judged as more word-like by adults (Vitevitch et al., 1997). In this paper we present a phonotactic calculator for Czech implemented as a Python script. The script relies on frequency data from three freely available corpora of Czech: SYN2015 and SYN2020, corpora of written Czech (Křen et al., 2015; 2020), and ORAL v1, a corpus of spoken Czech (Kopřivová et al., 2017). The steps of the calculation mirror those developed by Vitevitch and Luce (2004) for English, and the script can provide phonotactic (and additionally orthotactic) probability for any Czech word or pseudoword. The script can be downloaded at .

CS

Pojem fonotaktická probabilita odkazuje k frekvenci, s níž se fonologické segmenty a sekvence těchto segmentů objevují ve slovech v určitém jazyce (Vitevitch – Luce, 2004). Předchozí výzkumy ukázaly, že fonotaktická probabilita slov hraje důležitou roli při zpracování a akvizici jazyka (Jusczyk et al., 1994; Mattys – Jusczyk, 2001; Pitt – McQueen, 1998). Slova s vysokou fonotaktickou probabilitou jsou například rychleji zpracována rodilými mluvčími v úloze „same-different“ (Luce – Large, 2001) a pseudoslova s vysokou fonotaktickou probabilitou jsou dospělými hodnocena jako pravděpodobnější slova daného jazyka (Vitevitch et al., 1997). V tomto článku představujeme nástroj pro výpočet fonotaktické probability pro češtinu, který je volně dostupný jako skript v programovacím jazyce Python. Nástroj vychází z údajů o frekvenci slov ze tří volně dostupných korpusů českého jazyka: korpus psaného jazyka SYN2015 (Křen et al., 2015), korpus psaného jazyka SYN2020 (Křen et al., 2020) a korpus mluveného jazyka ORAL v1 (Kopřivová et al., 2017). Výpočet replikuje postup původního kalkulátoru pro anglický jazyk (Vitevitch – Luce, 2004) a výstupem je odhad fonotaktické (a navíc také ortotaktické) probability pro jakékoliv české slovo či pseudoslovo. Skript je dostupný z internetové stránky .

10

Korpus spontánní mluvené češtiny ORAL2013

84%

Benešová L., Křen M., Waclawičová M.

Časopis pro moderní filologii (Journal for Modern Philology)

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2015

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vol. 97

|

issue 1

42-50

EN

The paper presents a corpus of spontaneous spoken Czech called ORAL2013, its design principles and practical solutions adopted during the data collection. The corpus is designed to represent contemporary spontaneous spoken language used in informal, real-life situations across the whole of the Czech Republic. The corpus consists of audio recordings and their transcriptions aligned with time stamps; it features manual annotation and broad regional coverage with a large variety of speakers. ORAL2013 contains 835 recordings from the period 2008 to 2011 made with 2,544 speakers (of whom 1,297 speakers are unique); the total length of the audio tracks is almost 300 hours and the total size of the transcriptions exceeds 3.28 million tokens. ORAL2013 is made publicly available by the Czech National Corpus at http://www.korpus.cz/.

11

Několik poznámek k současné německojazyčné frazeografii

84%

Šichová K., Šemelík M.

Časopis pro moderní filologii (Journal for Modern Philology)

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2016

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vol. 98

|

issue 2

241-253

EN

Among linguists there is a lively interest in phraseology, which is still a relatively young branch of linguistics. However, its basic descriptive application, phraseography, whose task is to collect and describe phraseological expressions of a given language, is still a rather neglected area, at least in terms of integrating theory into practice. The paper reports on two relatively modern phraseological dictionaries of German and takes up the question of their user-friendliness. It examines the notion of phraseme in these dictionaries against the background of František Čermák’s conception of phraseology. Unsurprisingly, it turns out that both dictionaries are in need of substantial improvements if they are to become really effective tools for resolving language problems, which is the essential function of every dictionary. Nonetheless, some of the special features of Deutsche Idiomatik by Hans Schemann deserve recognition and make the dictionary exceptional. For this reason, the paper voices the need for a discussion of Schemann’s phraseographical works in Czech linguistics, or, more precisely, in Czech phraseography. In addition, the paper comments on DUDEN 11: Redewendungen. Wörterbuch der deutschen Idiomatik which is probably the most popular German dictionary of this type.

12

Substantiva mezi slovesem a jménem. Substantiva na -ní (-tí) / -ние (-тие) v češtině a ruštině ve světle paralelního korpusu

84%

Kocková J.

Časopis pro moderní filologii (Journal for Modern Philology)

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2017

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vol. 99

|

issue 1

55-64

EN

The paper first describes Czech verbal nouns and Russian event nominals in -ние (-тие). Despite many formal similarities, the position of these nouns in the systems of the Czech and Russian languages respectively is different — they are assigned to non-finite verbal forms in Czech and to event nominals in Russian. The aim of this paper is to focus on the contrastive examination of these nouns and to present a corpus-based study of the equivalents of Czech verbal nouns in Russian. The analysis showed that nominals in -ние (-тие) have a specific position among the Russian event nominals and that at least some of them retain the verbal potential. Russian event nominals in -ние (-тие) exhibit the highest frequency among the equivalents of Czech verbal nouns. Both languages prefer to use these nouns in certain contexts (e. g. to express verbal process). The position of Czech verbal nouns in the verbal system is significant; the actively used non-finite verbal forms are participles and verbal nouns, i. e. forms which relate to existing part-of-speech paradigms. Consequently, nonfinite verbal functions can be expressed in Czech by means that are not contrary to morphological regularities of the inflectional type.

13

Jazykový purismus v Čechách a v Lužici v poslední třetině 19. a v první třetině 20. století

84%

Brankačkec K., Martínek F., Futtera L.

Naše řeč (Our Speech)

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2017

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vol. 100

|

issue 4

243-257

EN

Although we identify a wide range of similarities in the language situation and the standardisation process of Czech, Upper and Lower Sorbian during the end of the 19th century and the first four decades of the 20th century, there are also a number of specifics: in development, Czech was ahead of Upper Sorbian, and in turn, Lower Sorbian reached its "revival" later than Upper Sorbian. Czech reached the stage of a fully functional standard language, while both varieties of Sorbian, in contrast, only achieved a lower stage of development. These specifics result in a differing range of puristic interventions and puristic successes.

14

Impact of Tense on the Interpretation of Bi-Aspectual Verbs in Czech

84%

Chromý J.

Studie z aplikované lingvistiky - Studies in Applied Linguistics

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2014

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vol. 5

|

issue 2

87-97

EN

This paper is concerned with the interpretation of the so-called bi-aspectual verbs in contemporary Czech. In the first part, a theoretical account of bi-aspectual verbs in the aspectual system of Czech is introduced and three main areas of the research of bi-aspectual verbs are identified: (1) formation of bi-aspectual verbs, (2) mono-aspectualization process, (3) functioning of bi-aspectual verbs. In the second part of the paper, a simple but efficient method for the analysis of the interpretation of (borrowed) bi-aspectual verbs and a pilot experiment on the interpretation of Czech bi-aspectual verbs are presented. It has been found that the tense of the verb is a very strong factor which influences the interpretation of bi-aspectual verbs: there is a significant tendency to interpret present tense form as imperfective and past tense form a perfective. There are other factors which play an important role in the interpretation of the bi-aspectual verbs. Based on the results, we suggest that these are (at least) semantics of the verb (i.e. the difference durative vs. instantaneous) and subject number.

CS

Studie se zabývá interpretací tzv. obouvidových sloves v současné češtině. První část pojednává z teoretického hlediska o postavení těchto sloves v rámci vidového systému češtiny a identifikuje tři hlavní oblasti výzkumu obouvidových sloves: (1) vznik obouvidových sloves, (2) proces vidového vyhraňování, (3) fungování obouvidových sloves. V druhé části článku je představena jednoduchá a efektivní metoda analýzy interpretace (cizích) obouvidových sloves a prezentovány jsou rovněž výsledky pilotního experimentu zaměřeného na interpretaci obouvidových sloves v češtině. Ukazuje se, že velmi silným faktorem, který ovlivňuje interpretaci obouvidových sloves, je gramatický čas slovesa: existuje silná tendence interpretovat obouvidová slovesa v přítomném čase jako nedokonavá a v minulém čase jako dokonavá. Interpretaci obouvidových sloves ovlivňují i další faktory. Předkládané výsledky poukazují na to, že těmito faktory jsou (přinejmenším) sémantika slovesa (tj. rozdíl durativní vs. instanciální sloveso) a číslo subjektu.

15

O slovním přízvuku na jednoslabičných předložkách v češtině:

84%

Skarnitzl R.

Naše řeč (Our Speech)

|

2014

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vol. 97

|

issue 2

78-91

EN

Monosyllabic prepositions in Czech are known to attract the stress of the words following them (e.g., 'jedu 'do Prahy, I’m going to Prague, rather than 'jedu do 'Prahy). However, certain factors have been recognized which allow for the shift of stress from the preposition to the following word. This study examines these factors in two types of speech material, in read newscasts on Czech Radio and in spontaneous dialogues. The length (number of syllables) of the preceding word has a clear effect, with longer words attracting stress more than shorter ones. Stress also tends to be shifted less when the following word is a noun and more when it is an adjective modifying a noun. Perhaps most interestingly, a great majority of the instances when stress was shifted resulted in a more rhythmical configuration, in a more regular number of syllables in neighbouring stress groups.

16

Iniciální konsonantické fonestémy v češtině

84%

Sláma J.

Bohemistyka

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2023

|

issue 1

39-54

EN

The paper introduces the concept of phonaesthemes and discusses its relevance for linguistic theory, subsequently trying to identify initial phonaesthemes in Czech consisting of at least two consonants. The sequence /chr-/ seems to be a prototypical phonaestheme in Czech. As only one other sequence (/hň-/) appears to be reliably identifiable as a phonaestheme, it seems that phonaesthemes are not particularly common in Czech, when compared e.g. with English. However, this conclusion might not be warranted if less strict criteria for defining phonaesthemes were applied. The importance of further research into phonaesthemes and sound symbolism in Czech is highlighted by the lack of literature on sound symbolism and iconicity in the Czech lexicon, as seen in the context of the recent research on this topic in other languages.

CS

Příspěvek představuje koncept tzv. fonestému a poukazuje na jeho relevanci pro jazykovědnou teorii, pročež se snaží identifikovat iniciální konsonantické fonestémy v češtině. Prototypickým fonestémem v češtině je patrně /chr-/, a jelikož jediným dalším spolehlivě identifikovatelným fonestémem je /hň-/, zdá se, že fonestémy nejsou v češtině tak časté jako například v angličtině. Pokud bychom nicméně přijali inkluzivnější vymezení fonestémů, je možné, že by tento závěr bylo vhodné přehodnotit. Závěr příspěvku zdůrazňuje důležitost dalšího výzkumu fonestémů v češti- ně především v kontextu problematiky zvukového symbolismu a ikonicity, kterým nebylo v bohemistice – na rozdíl od (nedávné) zahraniční lingvistiky – věnováno příliš pozornosti.

17

Polská přísloví ve sbírce Václava Flajšhanse Česká přísloví

84%

Mokienko V. M.

Bohemistyka

|

2019

|

issue 1

33-48

EN

The article presents Polish proverbs included in the Václav Flajšhans‘s dictionary Česká přísloví. The author notes that in addition to a significant group of lexical borrowings that permeated from the Polish language to the Czech language in the 19th century, a large group is also proverbs. In the Flajšhans’s dictionary there are differentiating informations near those proverbs showing that author of the dictionary was aware that some of them may be common to the Eastern and Western Slavs.

CS

Článek ukazuje polská přísloví obsažená ve slovníku Česká přísloví Václava Flajšhanse. Autor poznamenává, že vedle významné skupiny lexikálních výpůjček, které pronikaly z polštiny do češtiny v 19. století, je zde také velká skupina přísloví. Ve slovníku Flajšhanse se rozlišují informace, které dokazují, že autor slovníku je si vědom toho, že některá přísloví mohou být společná východním a západním Slovanům.

18

Experimentální výzkum gramatického vidu a způsobu slovesného děje : jazyková relativita a vidové vynucení

84%

Chromý J.

Naše řeč (Our Speech)

|

2018

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vol. 101

|

issue 4

189-203

EN

The paper presents the second part of the review of experimental research on grammatical or lexical aspect. Two main topics are reviewed: the role of aspect in linguistic relativity and the aspectual coercion hypothesis. In the first part of the paper, it is shown that languages with a similar aspectual system can differ widely in their preferences in the description of certain events, and furthermore that these preferences may influence the speakers’ non-linguistic perception of events. The second part of the paper shows that previous studies on aspectual coercion differ both in their methodology and findings and that the very existence of the aspectual coercion phenomenon is not clear yet.

19

Ráz ve španělštině, italštině a portugalštině českých mluvčích

84%

Obstová Z., Šturm P., Skarnitzl R., Čermák P., Hricsina J.

Časopis pro moderní filologii (Journal for Modern Philology)

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2022

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vol. 104

|

issue 2

159-176

EN

Glottal stops placed before words starting with a vowel are an integral part of the sound patterns of Czech; however, in Romance languages glottal stops are quite rare and linking to the previous word is much more common. In this study, we examine the extent to which more and less experienced Czech learners of Spanish, Italian and Portuguese (51 in total) use glottal stops or linking in their target language, and compare them with native speakers (29 in total). Analyses of word- and also morpheme-initial contexts reveal that the glottal stop is transferred into the learners’ target language word initially but almost never within words. In line with our hypotheses, the more experienced groups are found to use fewer glottal stops than the less experienced speakers, but still considerably more than the native control groups. We also consider the effect of lexical stress, segmental context and semantic status of the respective words on glottalization. Methodological implications for the teaching of Romance languages in the Czech context are also discussed.

20

Fonologická adaptace anglicismů v kvantitativním pohledu

84%

Duběda T.

Naše řeč (Our Speech)

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2018

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vol. 101

|

issue 5

245-267

EN

The article aims at describing and quantifying the phonological processes involved in the adaptation of Anglicisms to Czech. The object of the analysis is a comprehensive database of phonological forms obtained from dictionaries. The prevailing principle is phonological approximation, i.e. the perceptually motivated, systemic substitution of English phonemes by Czech phonemes, which includes, apart from one-to-one phonemic projections, phonological mergers, context-sensitive substitutions, and variant substitutions. The adaptation is based on the British phonological system, the influence of American English being only marginal. The second fundamental principle in order of importance is spelling pronunciation. The distribution of these principles and their combinations is relatively stable in the centre and at the periphery of the lexical subsystem of Anglicisms. In approximately one-fifth of the sample, the two primary principles are complemented by one or more secondary principles (analogy with English, Czech or a third language, language universals, anomalies).

Refine search results

Na co všechno můžeme narazit?

Desatero úskalí při výzkumu afázií

Projekt Lexikálně-sémantické databáze češtiny (LSD-Czech): uživatelský pojmový slovník a online database

Tradiční pomístní jména a jejich postavení v živé anoikonymii

Kategoriální normy češtiny pro 12 kategorií

Ke zpracování názvů farmaceutických výrobků v Akademickém slovníku současné češtiny

Slovo to v mluvených korpusech ČNK, jeho prefixace a reduplikace

O výjimkových frázích v češtině

Introducing a phonotactic probability calculator for Czech

Korpus spontánní mluvené češtiny ORAL2013

Několik poznámek k současné německojazyčné frazeografii

Substantiva mezi slovesem a jménem. Substantiva na -ní (-tí) / -ние (-тие) v češtině a ruštině ve světle paralelního korpusu

Jazykový purismus v Čechách a v Lužici v poslední třetině 19. a v první třetině 20. století

Impact of Tense on the Interpretation of Bi-Aspectual Verbs in Czech

O slovním přízvuku na jednoslabičných předložkách v češtině:

Iniciální konsonantické fonestémy v češtině

Polská přísloví ve sbírce Václava Flajšhanse Česká přísloví

Experimentální výzkum gramatického vidu a způsobu slovesného děje : jazyková relativita a vidové vynucení

Ráz ve španělštině, italštině a portugalštině českých mluvčích

Fonologická adaptace anglicismů v kvantitativním pohledu