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Dlouhé trocheje v české poezii

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EN
This article presents an overview and an explication of long-trochaic verse in Czech poetry, particularly of the nineteenth century. It seeks to supplement Miroslav Červenka´s explication of Czech syllabotonic verse from Kapitoly o českém verši [Chapters on Czech verse], which Červenka was unable to finish. The author takes advantage of material which had been elaborated for international researchers working on Slavic verse, but in many respects has been expanded by other collections of work. Long-trochaic verse is explored here from the point of view of its inner structure and the history of literature. In the National Revival, trochaic pentameter was the meter employed most frequently after trochaic tetrameter; it was the high-style meter trating serious topics, but from the second half of the nineteenth century onwards it began to lose its status. What was fundamental to trochaic hexameter was whether or not it kept to the rule that it was divided into two symmetrical units in a line. During the National Revival it was used a great deal, particularly in celebratory and reflective verse and in translations. It appears later in most epic verse and lyrical-narrative verse, and often also in polymetric verse. Trochaic heptameter occurs least frequently in Czech verse, and usually in combination with other metrical forms (trochaic pentameter and hexameter). Trochaic octameter from Milota Zdirad Polák´s Vznešenost přírody (1819) was used for the portrayal of natural phenomena or in pathos-filled meditations. Twentieth-century authors were no longer interested in this meter, because for them free verse had become an alternative to long metrical line.
EN
Studie se zaměřuje na interpretaci Holanovy básnické skladby Toskána z intertextové perspektivy a sleduje především intertextové vztahy a souvislosti s Dantovou Božskou komedií. Putování lyrického hrdiny Toskány lze interpretovat jako iniciační cestu na Jih, na níž je vyzván a postupně dále veden dopisy od tajemné Gordany. Tato „la belle dame sans merci“ se však v závěru příběhu, kdy už se zdá, že je pro lyrického hrdinu nedosažitelná, objevuje v podobě Smrti. Hrdinova smrt v Mozartsburku otevírá další významový kontext, a sice vztah mezi poezií a hudbou a Holanovy úvahy o Mozartovi a hudbě vůbec.
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Slovosled sylabotónického verše v češtině

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EN
The article analyzes deviations from the neutral word order in Czech poetry composed in the syllabotonic metrical system. The poet may change the neutral word order usual for a stylistically neutral utterance so that he or she keeps the metrical or rhyme scheme chosen. In the article, selected collections of Czech 19th- and 20th-century poetry are examined. Deviations from the basic word order which are used by multiple authors are described: marked positions of attributes, enclitics, predicate verbs, prepositions, connectors and semantically emphasized sentence elements. The analysis also attempts to resolve the question of limitations on Czech free word order to avoid the collapse of a continuous utterance. Some deviations exceed the boundaries of grammatical correctness. The 20th-century authors employ only some of the deviations frequent in the preceding century (the most persistent of these is the postposition of congruent attribute and marked enclitic placement).
EN
This article addresses the last creative period of the poet Konstantin Biebl (1898–1951) in the late 1940s and early 1950s and explores in a broader cultural-political context, taking into consideration the poet’s specific character, the genesis of his last collection of poems entitled Bez obav [Unafraid] (1951) as well as the unexplained circumstances of his tragic death. Biebl was one of the leading representatives of the leftist art avant-garde in interwar Czechoslovakia. In the early 1940s he stopped writing. After the Communist coup in 1948 he tried to adjust to the period’s ideological-aesthetic norms applied to the new literature in the spirit of the socialist realism as reflected in the above-mentioned collection. The text focuses on the events taking place after its publication, which culminated with the poet’s suicide in November 1951. The author presents these events and the relationships between the actors in the light of previously unpublished documents from the archive collection of the poet, translator and cultural official, Jiří Taufer (1911–1986), who was one of the key figures of the cultural policy of the period and the conflicts related to it. The author sees the main value of these documents as being the focus on František Nečásek (1913–1968), the head of the culture and press department of the Office of the President of the Republic and the holder of a number of other posts, whose role in these events – possibly a very important one – has so far been somewhat overlooked. The study includes an annotated edition of texts from the period in question and the subsequent period, mostly of a personal character and unpublished, which illustrate the context of the interpreted events. The article concludes with a summary interpretation of these documents.
CS
Příspěvek se zabývá posledním tvůrčím obdobím básníka Konstantina Biebla (1898–1951) na přelomu čtyřicátých a padesátých let minulého století a zkoumá v širších kulturněpolitických souvislostech – a také s ohledem na básníkův specifický charakter – genezi jeho poslední sbírky Bez obav (1951) i okolnosti jeho tragické a dosud nevyjasněné smrti. Biebl patřil k předním tvůrcům levicové umělecké avantgardy v meziválečném Československu, od začátku čtyřicátých let se jako básník odmlčel a po komunistickém převratu v roce 1948 se snažil vyhovět dobové ideologicko-estetické normě uplatňované na novou literaturu v duchu socialistického realismu, jak to odráží právě uvedená sbírka. V centru zájmu tohoto textu jsou zejména události, které se seběhly po jejím vydání a které vyvrcholily básníkovou sebevraždou v listopadu 1951. Autorka tyto události a vzájemné vztahy aktérů představuje ve světle dosud nepublikovaných dokumentů z archivního fondu básníka, překladatele a kulturního činitele Jiřího Taufera (1911–1986), jedné z klíčových postav tehdejší kulturní politiky a konfliktů, které se v ní odehrávaly. Jejich hlavní přínos spatřuje autorka v zaostření pozornosti na Františka Nečáska (1913–1968), přednostu kulturního a tiskového odboru Kanceláře prezidenta republiky a nositele řady dalších funkcí, jehož úloha v tomto dění – možná velmi důležitá – byla dosud spíše opomíjena. Samotnou studii doplňuje komentovaná edice dobových i pozdějších textů, většinou osobní povahy a dosud nepublikovaných, s názvem „Dokumentární souvislosti případu Konstantina Biebla (1940–1988)“, která dokresluje širší kontext popisovaných událostí. Souhrnnou interpretací těchto dokumentů se také uzavírá tato studie.
EN
Three vernacular texts from late-13th-century Bohemia, in Middle High German and Old Czech, integrate motifs associated with the Holy Land, pilgrimage and the crusades. The romance Wilhalm von Wenden manifests the late Přemyslids’ royal ideology by portraying an independent, pious ruler who derives authority from Jerusalem. The Alexandreis explores the psychology of a military expedition to provide ground for moral reflection and draws on cartography to exploit the symbolism of Jerusalem’s geographic centrality. The crusade-related details in the Legend of Saint James the Less attest to an informed use of intertextual practices.
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