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Angel in “the Cartesian theatre” – Aquinas and the mind-body problem

100%
Stępień T.
Warszawskie Studia Teologiczne
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2018
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vol. 31
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issue 3
66-79
EN
One of the solutions of the mind-body problem, which returns to the philosophical discussion on consciousness is the “soul hyphotesis”. Existence of the soul can clear the “explanatory gap”, but it brings yet another problems in explanation of how consciousness works. The magiority of those issues exist because of very specific understanding of the mind-body relations in Cartesian way as two separated substances. Some of the schoars propose to overlap the Cartesian approach by returning to the philosophy of St Thomas Aquinas. This article shows that in the writings of Aquinas we can find exact analogy of the Cartesian view of the body-soul relations in the description of how immaterial angel assums the body. For Aquinas angel exist and acts in assumed human body in the very same way as Descartes describes the soul acting in human body, and angel’s mode of perception is similar to what is usually called as “the Cartesian theatre”. For Aquinas angel in assumed body cannot perfom any human action, it only pretends to perform it, because it operates bodily organs as the form, which is not united with this specific body. St Thomas explanation of the relation of body and soul in human being relies on the claim of unity of body and soul, which together are one substance. Such approach was even called biological, because of the stress on the role which body plays in human actions. Therefore Aquinas proposition could be perceived the way of overcoming the dualism and removing some of the dilemas which are linked with “soul hypothesis” understood in traditional way.
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Kara jako medicina peccatoris. Na marginesie rozważań o karze śmierci w doktrynie św. Tomasza z Akwinu

84%
Łuszczyńska M.
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio G (Ius)
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2018
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vol. 65
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issue 1
EN
The article presents the issue of punishment in St. Thomas Aquinas’ doctrine. In particular, it analysis the propriety of capital punishment. The author presents the link between punishment’s functions, rules of stating and executing with the common wealth. The acceptance of capital punishment is the consequence of rational attitude towards bonum commune and is a derivative of acceptance of organic state concept. The originality of Aquinas’ ideas in the subject of humanization of criminal law provides Thomas Aquinas with permanent place in the hall of fame of creators and propagators of the modern concept of the criminal law.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia problematykę kary w doktrynie św. Tomasza z Akwinu. W szczególności analizuje celowość kary śmierci. Autor stawia tezę o ścisłej korelacji funkcji kary, zasad jej orzekania i wykonania z koncepcją dobra wspólnego. Dopuszczalność kary śmierci stanowi konsekwencję racjonalnego ujęcia bonum commune oraz jest pochodną przyjęcia organicznej koncepcji państwa. Oryginalność rozważań Akwinaty w przedmiocie humanitaryzacji prawa karnego zapewnia mu trwałe miejsce w panteonie twórców i krzewicieli nowożytnych koncepcji szeroko rozumianego prawa karnego.  
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Morderstwo jako odrębny typ działania śmiercionośnego. Analiza filozoficzno-prawna w kontekście tomistycznej etyki

84%
Kilan W.
Rocznik Tomistyczny
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2022
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issue 11
295-311
EN
The notion of “murder” plays an important role in philosophical, and ethical inquiries, for it denotes an act absolutely prohibited in the domain of human lethal actions. Yet, despite its relevance, it is repeatedly defined in the improper way. In this paper, the most essential elements of the moral concept of murder were determined on the basis of the philosophy of St. Thomas Aquinas. It was shown that commonly accepted definitions of this concept (which consider murder as wrong killing or illegal killing) do not grasp the essence of the defined action. Moreover, contemporary and historical legal definitions of this concept were reconstructed and analysed. It was done in order to prove that they have a procedural character and play a practical role in the judicial system, but they do not recognize a proper moral meaning of this concept.
4
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Uniwersalizm tomizmu i jego aktualność w świetle personalizmu Jacquesa Maritaina

59%
Gliniecki W.
Studia Pelplińskie
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2018
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vol. 52
157-174
EN
In this article, the author studies the philosophical views of Jacques Maritain and considers his close relationship with the doctrine of Saint Thomas Aquinas, described as universal.  In the first part of his work, the author analyzes the context of time and its impact on the degradation of intelligence, the marginalization of metaphysics and the negation of the supernatural.  These topics are reviewed in detail by the author. The connection with the doctrine of Saint Thomas Aquinas opens a new research perspective for the author.   It provides clear perception of the power of intellect and the wealth of reality, considered not only from the aspect of being, but also from that of existence.  The Aquinas system becomes a point of support for Maritain in his vision of man, allowing him to enter into a dialogue with modernism.  These aspects of Thomism lead Maritain to define the doctrine of Aquinas as universal and valid as a science that is applicable in every age.  The most important aspect of this universalism is the realism proposed by Saint Thomas Aquinas in his doctrine.  Thanks to his analysis, Maritain discovers Thomism as a doctrine that allows one to fully understand the world and mankind.  The author concludes that for Maritain, the genius of Aquinas is to communicate with the future.  Thomism is fundamentally good and shows how one should live, but it must be constantly cultivated.  In this sense, it is a challenge for each new generation.
PL
W niniejszym artykule autor studiuje poglądy filozoficzne Jacquesa Maritain, aby następnie przeanalizować jego ścisły związek z doktryną Św. Tomasza z Akwinu ujmując ją jako uniwersalną. W pierwszej części swojej pracy autor analizuje kontekst czasu i wynikające z niego procesy takie jak: degradacja inteligencji, marginalizacja metafizyki i zanegowanie wymiaru nadprzyrodzonego. Te elementy zostały w sposób szczególny omówione przez autora. Doktryna Św. Tomasza otwiera mu zatem nową perspektywę badań. W sposób szczególny pozwala ona dostrzec siłę intelektu i bogactwo rzeczywistości, rozpatrywanej nie tylko od strony istoty, ale i istnienia. Te aspekty tomizmu powodują, że Maritain określi doktrynę Akwinaty jako uniwersalną i wciąż aktualną, jako naukę, która ma zastosowanie w każdej epoce.
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