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Improving fencers’ theoretical training based on the stage reached in their basic development

100%
Romanivna Zadorozhna O., Arkadiyovych Briskin Y., Volodymyrivna Perederiy A., Petrovych Pityn M., Ivanivna Stepanchenko N.
Ido Movement for Culture. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology
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2018
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vol. 18
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issue 2
43-47
EN
Background. The research was devoted to theoretical training based on the stage reached in the basic development in fencing. Analysis of the literature shows that one way to improve the quality of a young fencer’s training process is to validate the structure and content of theoretical training and assess the significance of its components to the stage of the fencer’s previous basic development in the sport. Problem and aim. The issue of the theoretical training of fencers is only mentioned fragmentally, which points to the absence of any one approach to its realization at different stages of an individual’s long-term development. There is a need for a quantitative and qualitative increase in information transfer, and the acquisition of specific quality theoretical knowledge, particularly by using different methods and means of theoretical training. Methods. Theoretical analysis and synthesis, analysis of documentary material, comparison, abstraction, methods of induction and deduction, expert assessment, pedagogical experiment. Results and Conclusions. An author-developed program of theoretical training for solving set tasks there was established and implemented by using algorithmic educational and entertaining means. The pedagogical experiment, which consisted of two periods of four months, enabled us to determine the greater effectiveness of the author program of theoretical training in comparison with the generally-accepted one. There was determined that using the universal algorithmic educational and entertaining means – simulator “TTT”; “Associations”; and “Puzzles” – will lead to an improvement in the theoretical preparedness of fencers at the stage of previous basic development within different informational blocks.
PL
Tło. Badania zostały poświęcone teoretycznym treningom w szermierce opartym na etapie osiągniętym w podstawowym stadium rozwoju sportowego. Analiza literatury pozwoliła odkryć, że jednym ze sposobów poprawy jakości procesu uczenia się młodych szermierzy jest uzasadnienie struktury i treści treningu teoretycznego oraz znaczenia jego składników na etapie wcześniejszego podstawowego szkolenia w szermierce. Problem i cel. Kwestia teoretycznego szkolenia sportowców w szermierce pojawia się literaturze przedmiotu fragmentarycznie, co wskazuje na brak jednego podejścia w jego realizacji na różnych etapach długotrwałego rozwoju. Istnieje potrzeba ilościowego i jakościowego zwiększenia transferu informacji i jakościowego zdobywania określonej wiedzy teoretycznej, w szczególności z wykorzystaniem różnych metod i środków szkolenia teoretycznego. Metody. W badaniu wykorzystano różne metody: analizę i syntezę teoretyczna, analizę materiału dokumentalnego, porównanie, abstrakcję, metody indukcji i dedukcji, ocenę ekspercką oraz eksperyment pedagogiczny. Wyniki i wnioski. W celu rozwiązania ustalonych zadań ustanowiono i wdrożono autorski program szkolenia teoretycznego z wykorzystaniem algorytmicznych środków edukacyjnych oraz gier i zabaw. Eksperyment pedagogiczny, który składał się z dwóch okresów po cztery miesiące, pozwolił określić najskuteczniejszy autorski program szkolenia teoretycznego w porównaniu z ogólnie przyjętym. Ustalono, że uniwersalnymi algorytmicznymi środkami edukacyjnymi i rozrywkowymi są: symulator „TTT”, „Skojarzenia”, „Puzzle” – w celu poprawy przygotowania teoretycznego szermierzy na etapie podstawowego szkolenia w ramach różnych bloków informacyjnych.
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Kołowe środki transportu kopalnianego zarys problematyki

80%
Wierzbicki R.
Studia i Materiały do Dziejów Żup Solnych w Polsce
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2016
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vol. 31
209-226
EN
In the initial period of operation of the Wieliczka Salt Mine, simple means of transport, such as trays or baskets were used for horizontal transport from the place of underground extraction to the shaft. In the course of time, growing distance from the shaft and the necessity of increasing efficiency led to a search for more appropriate means of transport, which would simultaneously consume less energy, produced directly by the power of human muscles. One of such new solutions whose beginnings are hidden in the murkiness of history, are the so-called “mine dogs.” It may be assumed that such carts were used already in the 2nd half of the 16th century in German mines, as at that time the name appeared for the first time in the work of G. Agricola, “De Re Metallica” of 1556. The author notes that during transport (especially on turns), the carts produced sounds that resembled dog barking. However, there is also a theory according to which the name, in German sounding as “Hund”, was pronounced and written with “t” at the end in the mining dialect for the purpose of its differentiation from the house animal, derives from the Slovakian word “hyntow” which denotes a cart; nevertheless, the accurate meaning of “hyntow” is a carriage or a coach. This hypothesis seems to be much less probable. Irrespective of the fact which theory of origin of the cart is deemed true, these were mainly means of horizontal transport, used to move the output from the place of extraction to the extraction shaft. In the course of time, the distances underground were greater and thence the need of applying more modern means, enabling transport of greater loads with the use of lesser power. Such carts were used in shaft transport to bring powder salt and smaller blocks of salt (which could fit in the loading chest) to the surface. It turns out that not only the origin of the name of this means of transport is a certain oddity and an mystery. The structure of carts has also not been fully explained. In his flagship work Agricola indicates that a “dog” is a cart in the shape of a chest on a chassis with two pairs of wheels. He overlooks a “minor detail”, i.e. the fact that the wheels had to be larger at the back and smaller at the front, so that the inclination of the cart to the front offered a possibility of moving it with the use of lesser force. It also has to be noted that the description features a clear determination that the cart was in the form of a chest. Such a structure of the carts known as “dogs” is also confirmed by other authors of former mining dictionaries or studies devoted to the history of mining and mining technology. Several modern studies or Internet publications feature an abbreviated version of the definition of the “dog” as a cart consisting of a transport platform on a four-wheel chassis. This name is currently also applied to the carts used to transport furniture, large musical instruments or goods in warehouses. This is the situation today, yet what is its reference to the carts used in the Wieliczka mines at the end of the 18th or throughout the 19th century? The display of Cracow Saltworks Museum Wieliczka features chest carts known as “dogs” according to the original definition and carts… well, what name should be used for carts consisting of a transport platform typical for “dog” carts on a four-wheel chassis, yet without a chest, having only wooden stops preventing the load from falling off? In the Polish literature, there is a skillful differentiation between a “chest-cart” and a “dog-cart.” However, taking into account the fact that the “chest-cart” means a “dog”, we are dealing with a reversal of terms, as a chest on a four-wheel chassis may be called a dog, and a cart without a chest would have to be called “a cart on a dog chassis.” The objective of this article is to elaborate on and to clarify issue related to the exhibits known as “mine dogs” or “Hungarian dogs” featured in the collections of the Cracow Saltworks Museum Wieliczka. Has the issue been explained or just the opposite, has it been made even more muddled? This should be evaluated by the readers, especially those who are interested in this subject matter.
3
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Wsparcie przedsiębiorców w warunkach epidemii i kryzysu

80%
Powałowski A., Przeszło E.
Przegląd Ustawodawstwa Gospodarczego
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2020
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issue 6
2-9
EN
The extraordinary conditions in which entrepreneurs must function after the state of the epidemic was declared in Poland mean a deep crisis covering the entire economy. The situation forces the legislator to shape the law of "epidemic status" and the law of "economic crisis" accordingly. In Poland, such a law was made, it was given specific content, under which various support measures for entrepreneurs were indicated, as well as the competences of the bodies and institutions designated to take actions for the sake of entrepreneurs. It is necessary to determine whether the legislator's activities were adequate to the current situation, and in particular whether appropriate legal foundations for the functioning of entrepreneurs in the epidemic conditions were created. It seems obvious that the support for entrepreneurs should be considered as a state obligation, i.e. in fact as the obligations of many entities acting on behalf of the state. It becomes important to establish a list of these entities and to determine their role in the process of supporting entrepreneurs from the point of view of the assumed effects of their activities. What is also of much significance are the premises for the state's impact on the economy in the conditions of epidemic and crisis.
PL
Warunki nadzwyczajne, w jakich przyszło funkcjonować przedsiębiorcom po ogłoszeniu w Polsce stanu epidemii to ogarniający całą gospodarkę głęboki kryzys. Zaistniała sytuacja wymusza na prawodawcy odpowiednie ukształtowanie prawa „stanu epidemii” i prawa „kryzysu gospodarczego”. W Polsce prawo takie zostało ustanowione, nadana mu została określona treść, w ramach której wskazane zostały przede wszystkim różnorodne środki wsparcia przedsiębiorców, ale także kompetencje organów i instytucji wyznaczonych do podejmowania działań na rzecz przedsiębiorców. Wypada ustalić, czy działania ustawodawcy były adekwatne do zaistniałej sytuacji, a w szczególności, czy stworzone zostały odpowiednie podstawy prawne dla funkcjonowania przedsiębiorców w warunkach epidemii. Wydaje się oczywiste, że wsparcie przedsiębiorców powinno być ujmowane jako obowiązek państwa, czyli w rzeczywistości powinny być rozumiane jako obowiązki wielu podmiotów występujących w imieniu państwa. Istotne staje się ustalenie wykazu tych podmiotów oraz określenie ich roli w procesie wsparcia przedsiębiorców z punktu widzenia zakładanych efektów podejmowanych przez nie czynności. Nie bez znaczenia pozostają przy tym również przesłanki oddziaływania państwa na gospodarkę w warunkach epidemii i kryzysu.
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From Violence to Terror: Beyond Instrumental Violence in Hannah Arendt´s Political Thought

71%
Varela M. A.
Społeczeństwo. Edukacja. Język
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2017
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vol. 1(5)
29-38
EN
Hannah Arendt, victim and witness of totalitarian violence, confronted the glorification of violence with her philosophical and political theory. However, she was not a pacifist, because she was aware that “under certain circumstances violence is the only way to set the scales of justice right again” [Arendt, 1970, p. 64]. This ambivalence reveals the boundless character of violence in any attempt to conceptualize it. When she defines violence, she does it in instrumental terms in two complementary ways: violence requires instruments, and it is instrumental in itself. Meansend rationality crosses the phenomenon of violence, and this is why the question about decency of means appears to be essential. However, Arendt knew that the own dynamic of violence tends to go beyond its own limits in which it would remain enclosed. This paper aims to recover those tools provided by her work to analyze the overwhelming and generative character of violence which, abandoned to its own logic, loses the distinction between means and aims. This is a type of violence that it is not a means, but an end in itself, and, in Arendtian terms, is no more instrumental violence because it turns into “total terror”: an indiscriminate violence which becomes its own purpose.
PL
Hannah Arendt, ofiara i świadek totalitarnej przemocy, skonfrontowała gloryfikację przemocy z własnymi teoriami filozoficznymi i politycznymi. Nie była wszakże pacyfistką, mając świadomość, że “w pewnych okolicznościach przemoc jest jedyną metodą, która pozwala ponownie ustawić szalę sprawiedliwości we właściwym położeniu” [Arendt, 1970, p. 64]. Owa ambiwalencja ujawnia bezgraniczną naturę przemocy podczas wszelkich prób jej konceptualizacji. Arendt definiuje przemoc w kategoriach instrumentalnych na dwa dopełniające się sposoby: przemoc wymaga stosownych instrumentów i jest zarazem narzędziem sama w sobie. Skupiona jedynie na celu racjonalność wykracza poza zjawisko przemocy, prowokując zasadne pytanie o moralnoć stosowanych dla osiągnięcia celu środków. Arendt wiedziała jednakże, że naturalna dynamika przemocy oznacza przekraczanie przypisanych jej ograniczeń. Niniejszy artykuł jest próbą ponownego wykorzystania narzędzi zdefiniowanych w dziełach Arendt do analizy totalnego, a zarazem twórczego charakteru przemocy, która, poddana wyłącznie działaniu mechanizmów własnej logiki, traci zdolność rozróżnienia środków i celów. Ten typ przemocy nie jest środkiem, lecz celem samym w sobie i, wedle rozumienia Arendt, przestaje być instrumentalną przemocą, zmieniając się w “totalny terror” – bezrefleksyjną przemoc, której celem staje się ona sama.
5
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Polityka gospodarcza władz II Rzeczypospolitej w narracji szkolnych podręczników historii (1950–2007).

71%
Nowarski C.
Res Gestae. Czasopismo Historyczne
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2013
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vol. 14
54-66
PL
History textbook from the first years after the war did not provide an extensive analysis of the  economic policy of the Second Polisch Republic. Reflections on this topic constituted only a small portion of the autors deliberations. Until the middle of the 1950s authors evalauted the economic activity of the authorities very critically. They used a narration full of ideological expressions and political phraseology and did not hide their negative attitudes towards the reality of the interwar Poland. In the following decades, history textbooks showed that authors started to slowly move away from complete criticism of the authorities of the Second polish Republic, also when economy was concerned. Positive opinins pointing to the usefulness and measurable benefits of some of the initiatives and economic actions appeared. In the textbooks from the 1970s, some economic information was extended. Authors started using economic terminology and tried to explain the complex economic situation of the interwar Poland in more detail. There was less ideologising and discrediting of the economic policy of the authorities. Insted, the authors started appreciating the work of W. Grabski and his contribution to the economic reforms. In the next decads, the textbooks presented more detailed information about the disadvan-tageous conditions and difficulties concerting the economic policy of the authorities of the Second Polish Republic who despite the circumstances, strove for the development of the country through introducing reforms. First, the authors mentioned the underdevelopment on the indepedent Poland that was inherited from the occupants. Then, they mentioned investment achivements of those vears(e.g. railroading). The  newly open manufacturing plants indicated that the economic oilicy of the authorities was moving in the right direction. After 1989, approving phrases started appearing in the textbooks, for example: "an offensive economic policy", "currency cure", "the flywheel of the entire economy". In the textbooks from the years 2002-2007, the authors enumerated the most important economic successes of the interwar Poland. They used elements of economic thought in their course of thinking.
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