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PL
Hymn Adoro te devote – wyjątkowe świadectwo średniowiecznej pobożności eucharystycznej – wyróżnia się wśród innych hymnów, takich jak Lauda Sion czy Pange lingua, które poetycko opisują Eucharystię, bezpośrednim, modlitewnym zwróceniem się do Chrystusa obecnego w znaku chleba. Autor artykułu wskazuje najpierw na aspekty średniowiecznej mentalności eucharystycznej, które wydają się zapomniane, a mają ogromne znaczenie także dla współczesnego człowieka. Kluczem do analizy teologicznej hymnu jest jego struktura. Najpierw zostaje ukazana wiara jako środek dostępu do ukrytej prawdy (latens veritas), a następnie konsekwencja tejże wiary – życie w Chrystusie i z Chrystusa. W końcu hymn wprowadza modlącego się w perspektywę eschatologiczną – w pragnienie bezpośredniego zobaczenia Zmartwychwstałego. Autor dokonuje analizy tekstu w nawiązaniu do innych dzieł św. Tomasza z Akwinu oraz wskazuje, że także dziś hymn Adoro te devote może być cenną pomocą, by zbliżyć się do misterium Eucharystii.
EN
This paper examines the concept of shame in the writings of St. Thomas Aquinas, in the context of selected contemporary psychological approaches. The aim of this work is to compare the understanding of shame by selected approaches of modern psychology, with that of St. Thomas, and to show fundamental differences and explain their sources. The source of these differences are atheistic worldview assumptions made by psychologists, who are predominantly evolutionary psychologists and atheistic humanists. Assuming that man is the product of a chance in the process of evolution, they also consistently assume that the environment in which he moves, like himself, is only material and, it is the environment that is the only source of conditioning mechanisms of our behavior. All emotional mechanisms, especially observed consistently across different cultures must have an evolutionary explanation. Shame seems to be for many psychologists pointless and harmful anachronism. St. Thomas, starting from different assumptions, draws different conclusions. Because he assumes the creation of man by absolutely moral Creator of all things, who designed man so that the man could find happiness in Him, the world of values is not only objective, but it is of extreme importance. St. Thomas described the mechanism of shame, as a brake (fear), which is a feeling effecting those, who are subjected to feelings, to prevent them from committing an evil act. For St. Thomas, shame is therefore a purposeful mechanism, which aims to achieve good not only material, but above all spiritual (support the virtue of temperance). Many psychologists today reject the whole concept of St. Thomas, because they do not accept his metaphysics.
Ius Matrimoniale
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2009
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vol. 20
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issue 14
61-87
EN
Il problema della rilevanza giuridica dell’error iuris circa le proprietà essenziali e la dignità sacramentale del matrimonio ha una lunga storia incominciata da S. Tomasso D’Aquino riguardo all’errore degli eretici o degli infedeli sulla sacramentalità del matrimonio.L’autore presenta le singole tappe dell’evoluzione storica durante la quale si formava la futura norma giuridica del can. 1099 del CIC del 1983. Dopo aver riferito la dottrina di s. Tommaso D’Aquino sull’error fidei, presenta lo sviluppo della dottrina sull’error iuris dal XVI al XVIII secolo, quindi il contributo della dottrina e della giurisprudenza del XIX e dell’inizio del XX secolo, lo sforzo compiuto durante la codificazione di diritto canonico coronato con il can. 1084 del CIC del 1917, la recezione del suddetto canone nella dottrina canonistica e nella girisprudenza rotale nonché le nuove proposte rispetto al valore giuridico dell’error iuris, finalmente i lavori dei cosultori del coetus „De matrimonio” della Pontificia Commissione per la Revisione del CIC, portati a termine con la formulazione del can. 1099 che é stato approvato dal Legislatore CIC del 1983.Per quanto riguarda la regolazione stessa del can. 1099 CIC, conformemente allo scopo di questo studio l’autore si limita solo alla breve presentatione della normativa non toccando le difficoltà interpretative.
PL
W szerokiej problematyce, którą podejmował w swych dziełach św. Tomasz z Akwinu odnaleźć można także odniesienia do muzyki, chociaż zagadnienie to nie zostało przez niego opracowane w sposób całościowy. Tomaszową koncepcję muzyki należy rozpatrywać w kontekście jego myśli teologicznej i estetycznej. Dlatego konieczne jest ukazanie najpierw koncepcji piękna, które Akwinata pojmuje jako drogę do spotkania z Bogiem. Na tle jego teorii estetyki, muzyka jawi się jako element cnoty religijności, który realizuje się w liturgii. Wyrazem tego są skomponowane przez św. Tomasza hymny ku czci Najświętszego Sakramentu, które do dnia dzisiejszego obecne są w praktyce liturgicznej Kościoła.
XX
St. Thomas Aquinas integrated into Christian thought the rigours of Aristotle’s philosophy. His aesthetics, although connected with his theology and ethics, has not always received sufficient attention. Certain passages of his Summa Theologiae are devoted to beauty. Aquinas defines beauty in Aristotelian terms as that which pleases solely in the contemplation of it and recognizes three prerequisites of beauty: perfection, appropriate proportion and clarity. His basic ideas, drawn from the classical world, are modified in the light of Christian theology and developments in metaphysics and optics during 13th century. Music is touched upon in his writings. He looks at the concrete applications of the conception of transcendental beauty in his theory of music. Author considers Thomas’s idea of music in the following ways: beauty as a way of meeting God; church music as a religious virtue; liturgical music; St. Thomas as a “cantor of the Eucharistic Christ”. Thomas considers objective value and goodness of music, addressing its physical nature and metaphysical properties, such as in the hymns of the office of Corpus Christi attributed to Thomas’s faith and theological wisdom.
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest zagadnienie pośredniego wykorzystania prawa rzymskiego przez św. Tomasza w tzw. Traktacie o prawie. Pomimo iż Akwinata odwoływał się do autorytetu wielu autorów starożytnych – tak pogańskich, jak i chrześcijańskich – to jedynie w pismach św. Izydora z Sewilli odnaleźć można wpływ myśli prawników rzymskich.
EN
The article concerns the issue of indirect use of the Roman law by Saint Thomas in so-called Treatise on Law. Although Aquinas mentioned the authority of numerous ancient authors – both pagan and Christian – the influence of Roman lawyers’ thought can be found just in the references to the writings of Saint Isidore of Seville.
PL
W artykule rozpatrywany jest problem sposobów wykorzystania autorytetu prawa rzymskiego przez św. Tomasza z Akwinu w tzw. Traktacie o prawie. Wpierw wskazano na sposób wprowadzenia rzymskiej argumentacji do korpusu tekstu (pojęcia iurisperitus, legisperitus) oraz na rodzaj powoływanych źródeł. W dalszej części artykułu omówiono poszczególne przypadki bezpośredniego odwołania się Akwinaty do myśli starożytnych prawników.
EN
The article investigates the problem of the modes of referring to the authority of Roman law by Saint Thomas Aquinas in the so-called Treatise on Law. At first the method of bringing in the Roman argumentation into the body of the text and types of the recalled sources were pointed out. In the further part of the article the particular examples of the direct citation of the ancient lawyers’ thought were discussed.
PL
W niniejszym artykule autor stara się wskazać na kontekst i źródła wiedzy prawniczej posiadanej przez św. Tomasza z Akwinu. Nie ulega wątpliwości, iż Tomasz nie studiował prawa, lecz jest równocześnie pewne, że w swoich pracach powoływał źródła prawa rzymskiego i kanonicznego. Jak się wydaje, nie należy tych przypadków traktować jednostkowo, lecz raczej widzieć je w szerszej perspektywie. W przekonaniu autora wiedza Akwinaty na temat prawa stanowiła naturalną konsekwencję trzech niezależnych okoliczności. Po pierwsze, okres życia św. Tomasza przypadał na tzw. „wiek prawa”. Po drugie, był on członkiem zakonu dominikańskiego, w duchowości którego zawsze podkreślano konieczność studiów, które miały pomóc braciom w lepszym głoszeniu Słowa Bożego. Wreszcie, z początkami istnienia Zakonu Kaznodziejskiego łączyć należy zjawisko dużej liczby powołań wykształconych prawników i kanonistów rekrutujących się przede wszystkim z Uniwersytetu Bolońskiego. Wydaje się, iż wstępując do zakonu dzielili się oni swoją wiedzą ze współbraćmi. Także i w tym nieformalnym procesie nauczania prawa można poszukiwać źródeł prawniczej wiedzy Akwinaty.
EN
In this article author is attempting to show the context and the sources of the legal knowledge acquired by Saint Thomas Aquinas. It is certain that Thomas had not studied law, but it is obvious as well that he used the sources of Roman and Canon law frequently in his own studies. The author believes that the Aquinas’s knowledge of law is natural consequence of three circumstance. First of all, Saint Thomas’s life occurred in the so-called “epoch of the law”. Secondly, he was a member of the Dominican Order which always emphasised the need of study which help the friars to preach more accurately Word of God. Finally, in the times of Thomas Aquinas many friars entered the Order as a professional lawyers and canonists who by no means shared their knowledge of law with brothers.
EN
The presented concept of intellect shows the size and innovation of St. Thomas Aquinas. As opposed to Aristotle, St. Thomas explains the nature of intellect more precisely. Aristotle used only one concept in describing form and matter. However, this was not enough to show the existence of intellect a
EN
St. Thomas Aquinas wrote in ST II-II, q.2, a.7., that the first man could get know about Incarnation of Christ in future. The way of knowing of that is experience of marriage, witch is described by St. Poul as „great mystery”, „concerning Christ and the church” (Eph 5). In Thomas’s Commentary on St. Paul’s Epistle to the Ephesians we can read, that this link between husband-wife relation and Christchurchrelation was known for the first man by supernatural knowledge. Before Summa Thomas wrote that the first man could have unclear knowledge about Incarnation: if man strays, God will want repair it, because it is result of his mercy (Commentary on the Sentences Book) or providence (De Veritate). In ST this clear knowledge is only about this aspect of Incarnation mystery, with is linked with Consummatio gratiae; the first man didn’t know about passion and death of Christ, because he couldn’t know about his own sin in future: their reason. Consumaatio gratiae means the full unite man with God in the end of the world and it’s coresponding with sexual intercourse in marriage. This motive for the Incarnation is not linked with men’s sin. It is in opposition to the view from ST III, q.1, a.3, corp., where St. Thomas wrote that if man had not sinned, the God would not have become incarnate, because everywhere in Sacred Scripture the sin of the first man isassigned as the reason for the Incarnation.
EN
The article undertakes the problem of truth in sensible cognition according to St. Thomas Aquinas. Performed analysis partake into the wide-ranging discussion on the nature of turth, thus the authoress starts with characterizing two main streams of interpreting truth, which came about during the ancient and medieval centuries. Against the background she outlined the novum of St. Thomas. Then, on the ground of "Summa theologiae" (Q. 16, a. 2) and "Quaestiones disputatae de veritate" (Q. 1) she reconstructs Aquinas' approach to the truth of intellect and sense, and shows how truth and false are realized by the extarnal and internal senses. The carried out consideretions reveal that according to Aquinas sensible cognition and the truth of sensible apprehensions are understood analogically. In their primary sense, cognition and truth refer to intellectual acts and their results. In the sensible preception, however, truth is realizes in the optimum of its importance as the ontic adequacy between sensible faculty and reality. Its justification the truth of senses finds in the existence of objects which are appropriate to the individual sensible faculties of cognition.
PL
Artykuł podejmuje problem prawdy w poznaniu zmysłowym w interpretacji św. Tomasza z Akwinu. Przeprowadzane analizy wpisują się w szeroką dyskusję nad naturą prawdy, dlatego autorka rozpoczyna od przedstawienia dwóch głównych nurtów interpretacji prawdy, które pojawiły się w Starożytności i w wiekach średnich. W odróżnieniu od tradycyjnych opracowań zarysowuje novum myśli św. Tomasza. Następnie, na podstawie "Sumy teologicznej" (Q. 16, a. 2) i "Quaestiones disputatae de veritate" (Q. 1) rekonstruuje Tomaszowe stanowisko wobec prawdy rozumu i zmysłów oraz ukazuje, w jaki sposób zmysły wewnętrzne określają prawdę i fałsz. Przeprowadzone refleksje prowadzą do wniosku, że w ujęciu św. Tomasza z Akwinu poznanie zmysłowe i prawda poznania zmysłowego rozumiane są analogicznie. W pierwotnym znaczeniu poznanie i prawda odnoszą się do aktów intelektualnych i ich rezultatów. Jednak w przypadku percepcji zmysłowej prawda pojmowana jest jako ontyczna zgodność domeny zmysłowej z rzeczywistością. Prawda zmysłowa znajduje swoje usprawiedliwienie w istnieniu przedmiotów, które odpowiadają indywidualnym zmysłowym zdolnościom poznawczym.
PL
Kary, które upadłe anioły ponoszą za odwrócenie się od Boga były zawsze tematem bardzo interesującym teologów. Jednak nie do końca zgadzali się oni odnośnie tego, na czym dokładnie owe kary miałyby polegać. Pośród autorów zajmujących się tym zagadnieniem szczególne miejsce należy się św. Tomaszowi z Akwinu. Jego rozważania dotyczące aniołów, ich natury i działań, były poważane do tego stopnia, że przyznano mu tytuł Doktora Anielskiego. W jego tekstach szczególnie jasno można zobaczyć w jak wielkim stopniu spekulacje na temat kary złych duchów zależą od tego, jak wcześniej została zidentyfikowana ich natura. Akwinata bardzo mocno podkreśla, że natura aniołów jest całkowicie niematerialna. Nie posiadają oni ani ciał, ani nawet nie możemy twierdzić, że w ich istocie jest jakaś postać materii. Św. Tomasz zauważa, że niematerialność natury sprawia, iż aniołowie posiadają bardzo wielką władzę nad rzeczywistością fizyczną, ale jednocześnie broni tezy, że choć nie są ograniczani przez materię, to jednak muszą przebywać w jakimś miejscu. Zgodnie z tymi poglądami grzech, który popełniły złe duchy także musi mieć czysto duchową naturę i z tej racji zostaje on zidentyfikowany jako grzech pychy i zazdrości. Rozważając skutki grzechu św. Tomasz twierdzi, że tylko w ograniczonym stopniu mógł on zniszczyć ich naturę, właśnie z racji jej niematerialności. Mimo to karą za odejście od Boga jest pewien rodzaj bólu, który, choć nie ma zmysłowej natury, jednak jest rzeczywisty i dotkliwy. Innym aspektem ich kary jest odebranie złym duchom możliwości swobodnego poruszania się, które jest nadnaturalnym ograniczeniem ich woli przez moc Boga.
EN
Punishment of the demons was always a problem of great interest among theologians, but they did not always agree about a nature of the punishment. One of the most important authors who wrote about the subject was St Thomas Aquinas. Because of his extensive analysis of the spiritual beings he was called Doctor Angelicus. In Aquinas’ texts we can clearly see that speculations on the punishment of demons strictly depend on understanding of their nature. St Thomas Aquinas underlines that the nature of angels is entirely immaterial. They do not have bodies and we even cannot claim that there is matter in their nature. Immateriality of angels causes in a great power over physical reality, but this does not mean that they exist totally independent of place. Mater does not constrain them, but they must exist in a certain place. According to those opinions sin of angels is considered as having immaterial nature and therefore identified as pride and envy. Considering the effects of sin of angels Aquinas claims that, regarding their immateriality, sin could destroy their nature only in certain aspect. Although punishment of demons is a limitation of their free will which is no match for a will of God. Firstly it is limited in achieving Supreme Good and happiness which causes a kind of spiritual pain. Secondly will of demons is restricted because God limits their free movement.
13
63%
Zeszyty Naukowe KUL
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2016
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vol. 59
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issue 1
59-82
EN
“Thomas Aquinas and Theistic Evolution” is an article about the problem of using Aquinas’ thought to defend theistic evolution within the Christian theological tradition. The paper begins with definitions of terms such as “evolution” and “species.” The main part of the paper is structured according to the medieval articles written by Aquinas himself, such as those contained in his Summa Theologiae. First, the author presents twelve arguments that can be found in the writings of contemporary Thomists in favor of theistic evolution. In the next part, the author elaborates upon the answer to the question and he goes on to respond to the twelve arguments by referring to Aquinas’ writings. In the conclusion, the author shows seven points of disharmony between the three types of evolution (namely, atheistic, materialistic and theistic) and Aquinas’ teaching on the origin of species.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł porusza problem odwoływania się do nauczania św. Tomasza z Akwinu w obronie teistycznego ewolucjonizmu. Artykuł otwierają definicje pojęć takich jak ewolucja i gatunek. Główna część artkułu ma strukturę średniowiecznego artykułu, takiego, jaki stosował sam Akwinata np. w Sumie teologii. Najpierw autor przedstawia dwanaście argumentów, które można znaleźć w pismach współczesnych tomistów i innych filozofów w obronie teistycznego ewolucjonizmu. W drugiej części autor odpowiada na pytanie dotyczące kompatybilności nauczania Akwinaty z teistycznym ewolucjonizmem, a następnie rozwiązuje dwanaście trudności, odwołując się do tekstów św. Tomasza. W podsumowaniu autor przedstawia siedem punktów ukazujących niezgodność trzech typów ewolucji (ateistycznej, materialistycznej i teistycznej) z nauczaniem Akwinaty na temat pochodzenia gatunków.
14
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Tomizm czeski w latach 1879-1948

63%
EN
The article begins from the state of research on the history of Thomistic philosophy to the Czech Republic. It discusse the most important figures of the Czech Thomism in 1897-1948 taking them in two generations of scholars. The particular attention is devoted to the Thomist environment Dominican Order from Olomouc who were publishing quarterly Filosofická revue in 1929-1948. As an example of the work of Czech Thomists author discusses an issue connected with the philosophical and theological aspects of upbringing the man. The achievements of Czech Thomists compared with whole Czech philosophy in author’s opinion is considerable: they organized International Conference of Thomistic Philosophy, they founded a magazine which was up to the global mark and published in it among others Maritain, Husserl, Patočka, they discussed about the latest philosophical currents and they reviewed philosophical dissertations from whole world. Czech Thomists’ writer activity also is very important: they published a lot of textbooks, monographs, dissertations and articles. Not all aims of Czech philosophers realized but they ordered relationships between faith and science. It was the reason treating Thomism in Republic Czech as a methodological thoroughness paragon.
EN
The issue of the omnipotence of God can provoke some difficulties of interpretation, especially in comparison with the fact of omnipotence of human nature of the Second Person of the Divine. These difficulties raise the following question: if God, who is pure act and infinite being, having become man is still all-powerful, was His power limited by the limited human nature? Whether the adoption of human nature of Christ led to the adoption of weakness of the flesh and the soul? If the answer would be affirmative, then Christ is not limitless. If the answer is in the negative, His suffering on the cross, would not be real. Does the fact that the Incarnation of the Word took place not in the nature, but in the person does not mean that each of the two natures preserved what is proper? The article is an attempt to reconstruct Thomas’ response to these questions. This eminent thinker who in depth tried to understand God, both from a theological perspective and philosophical alloed integrally combine these apparent contradictions to simultaneously show strong arguments in favor of preserving the unity of God.
EN
Love-dilectio, which is the proper love of rational beings, is related in Thomas’s Aquinas texts to the problem of acts of will, which are analogical to feelings. Thomas call them affectiones. In this way, he distinguishes them from feelings – passiones – which are reactions of sensitive appetite to the image of sensitive good or evil. Affections are reactions of the will to the good or privation of the good, i.e. evil, intellectually grasped. However, in accordance with basic thesis of Thomas’s anthoplogy concerning spiritual and corporeal unity (both functional and structural) of personal human being, affectiones usually accompany passiones and – as it might seem – they carry with senses, or senses make the will follow the perceived good. Affections – in Thomas’s Aquinas – are simpler than feelings just like the will is simper appetitive power than senstivie appetite.
EN
Theory of self-cognition in Thomas Aquinas’ account is frequently presented as a reflexio theory, which describes intellectual move toward intellect’s own cognitive acts. The object of such a self-knowledge is intellect itself and in result “self” is identified with knower. However, reflexio theory is only part of doctrine of self-cognition in Aquinas’ philosophy. Inasmuch as soul is able to cognize its intellectual acts, it is also able to know its activities and associated ends and desires. Therefore, the aim of the article is to present the concept of self-cognition in the practical dimension. The main thesis of the article is the claim that self-knowledge is the necessary condition of free and rational human activities.
EN
According to Parmenides, the only acceptable way of philosophy as true cognition is research of being. The philosophical tradition had taken this track. St. Thomas Aquinas had very little information about Parmenidean ontology, but shared his focus on being as the object of knowledge. However, they had a different understanding of being. Philosopher of Elea claimed that everything is one monistic being. Therefore, every act of cognition has the same object – being. There is only being. Non-being is nothing. It doesn’t exist, so it isn’t cognizable. Moreover, the knowledge of being and being itself are the same. As a consequence, Parmenides described entity in identification to the mind and recognized the essence of being as truth. Therefore, his ontology is called “a veridical conception of being”. According to Aquinas, being is pluralistic. There are many types of entities, minds and truths. The core of every being is act of existence. The truth is property of singular beings or judgements. Thomas metaphysics is existential. The truth, that is here identified with adequation of thing and intellect, and cognoscibility of beings, is interpreted as the consequence of existence. Being, truth and cognoscibility are different things. In comparison with Parmenides, Thomas seems to be more faithful to the “way of being”. He characterizes being as existing and avoids a specific paradox that is inability to define the truth in a classical way, assuming her identity with the entity.
EN
While considering the problem of human dispositions, Thomas Aquinas indicates the special role of disposition in human action. Its unique position is caused by the fact that it is both intellectual and moral virtue. Wisdom, however, is a intellectual virtue, which relies on ability to cognizing the truth, which is not available to the man in indirect cognition. Therefore, wisdom make the human intellect able to its proper operations – reasoning. However, there is no indirect transfer from wisdom, which is theoretical disposition to the human action and here is the place for prudence, which is disposition of both intellect and will. It seems that cooperation of both virtues plays the considerable role in human activity. Aquinas claims, that the object of human appetite is only cognizable. In this way wisdom – as a virtue concerning human cognition – is related to the prudence, which includes human cognition as well as appetite. The precise analysis of St. Thomas Aquinas’s texts show, that relationship between wisdom and prudence is very strict and both virtues rely on each other. Practically it means, that one cannot be prudent without being wise and one cannot be wise without being prudent.
EN
The article concerns the connection between the work of Czesław Miłosz and the philosophy of Thomas Aquinas. The aim is not only to expand the state of knowledge with another point of reference, but to emphasize the impact that reading the writings of a medieval philosopher could have had on the overall shape of Czesław Miłosz's work - e.g. on specific aesthetic choices or views on the condition of the modern world. In Miłosz's poetry and essays, attention is drawn to the recurring presence of the thoughts and figures of Saint Thomas Aquinas. It turns out to be important to indicate the sources of thinking about the connection between the medieval philosopher and the writings of the Nobel Prize winner - to show where Miłosz referred directly to this philosophy and to refer to biographical contexts (which are obviously auxiliary). I mainly present points in Miłosz;’s works which testify to the fact that the writings of Thomas Aquinas were read and commented on by Miłosz over the years of his literary activity.
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