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EN
The paper presents the view of Polish Catholics on Sacrament of Marriage by focusing mostly on its social and cultural rather than theological aspects. We discuss believers understanding of sacramental marriage at the background of changes that took place in Polish society at the beginning of the 21th century and affected marriage and family. Our discussion is developed in three stages: the value of church wedding, the sacramental nature of marriage and the family, and admitting too Holy Communion people living in non-sacramental union. As expected, the understanding of the sacramental character of marriage situates at a low level. Sociological studies on this subject are few, and they indicate that only minority of the young people give the correct answer to the question of sacramental character of Catholic marriage. Still, most respondents choose the answer that the sacrament of marriage is indissoluble. Others point to certain aspects of the sacramental marriage, which are like a side effect of the sacramental character of marriage. Finally, from 10% to 15% of respondents admit state that they do not know what the Sacrament of Marriage is. There is a significant gap between the moral and religious teaching of the Catholic Church regarding people living in non-sacramental union, and attitudes of Catholics to this issue. Sociological studies show quite divergent views regarding the question whether a person not living in a sacramental union should be admitted to Holy Communion, and ranged from 44.0% to 81.7%. According to Centre for Public Opinion Research (CBOS) survey this indicator covered nearly four fifths of adult Poles on a national scale. From a sociological point of view, there are three possible solutions to the existing conflicts and tensions: First, change of the moral teaching of the Church, second, reorientation of moral attitudes of believers, and third, drifting away from the Church, and acceleration of secularization of society.
PL
Problematyka konfliktu wewnętrznego w Peru stanowi popularny temat badawczy analizowany z różnych perspektyw naukowych tak przez badaczy krajowych, jak i zagranicznych już od niemal czterech dekad. Poza dominującym w tym zakresie ujęciem historycznym i politologicznym (skupionych głównie na strukturalnych uwarunkowaniach konfliktu oraz jego wpływie na bieżący kształt państwa i społeczeństwa) oraz antropologicznym (poświęconym w pierwszej mierze społeczno-kulturowym źródłom i odsłonom problemu) istotne miejsce zajmują również - podejmowane przez różne dyscypliny - studia nad przemocą. Zastosowanie tej perspektywy jest jednak zadaniem wyjątkowo złożonym, gdyż, jak w soczewce, skupia w sobie systemy powiązań zjawisk i aktorów, których figury nierzadko trudno obrysować. Jest to szczególnie widoczne w odniesieniu do form, skali i percepcji terroru w Andach. Celem artykułu jest poszukiwanie odpowiedzi na pytanie, jaką rolę w działaniach zbrojnych na prowincji pełnić miały tytułowe „terror, okrucieństwo oraz śmierć” i jak ostatecznie wpływały na świadomość zbiorową mieszkańców andyjskich wiosek i ich postawy w konflikcie. Przedmiot analizy stanowią zatem przede wszystkim faktyczne oblicza przemocy w Andach oraz sposoby ich wizualizowania przez serranos, a następnie reakcje tych ostatnich na wojenne doświadczenia dehumanizacji, śmierci i zniszczenia.
EN
The problem of internal conflict in Peru is a popular research topic that has been analyzed from various scientific perspectives by both domestic and foreign researchers for almost four decades. In addition to the dominant historical and political approaches (mainly focused on structural features of war and its impact on the current shape of the state and society) as well as the anthropological ones (primarily devoted to socio-cultural sources and following reveals of the problem), a significant place is also occupied by the studies of violence, taken up by various disciplines. Application of this perspective is, however, an exceptionally complex task, since, as in the lens, it concentrates systems of links between phenomena and actors, whose figures cannot be clearly outlined. It is particularly evident in relation to forms, scale and perception of terror in the Andes. The article aims at looking for the answer to the question what was going to be the role of the title “terror, cruelty and death” in the military activities in the Peruvian province and how they ultimately influenced collective consciousness of Andean villagers and their attitudes in conflict. Therefore, the analysis concerns, first of all, forms and goals of violence in the Andes and the ways in which serranos visualized them, and then, reactions of the latter to the war experience of dehumanization, death and destruction.
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