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1

Renesans polskiego hutnictwa żelaza i stali

100%

Wieloński A.

Prace Komisji Geografii Przemysłu Polskiego Towarzystwa Geograficznego

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2009

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vol. 12

59-62

EN

In 2006 Poland’s steel makers produced steel makers produced about 10 M mt crude steel (in 2002 – 8,4 M mt); consumption in 2006 was 10,7 m mt (in 2002 – 7,1 M mt). Flat products prevailed within domestic consumption of steel (51% of total consumption). Imports to consumption were 50%. Higher steel consumption was mainly driven by Polish economy growing fast, absorption of EU structural funds into growth0boosting and new projects.

2

Żelazne zapinki kuszowate z podwiniętą nóżką w europejskim Barbaricum

75%

Nowakowski W.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2001

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vol. LIV

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issue 54

129-146

EN

In the Przeworsk culture territory were produced of iron, while on other territories they were usually made of copper alloy or silver. Distribution of the iron fibulae of that type could be seen as a trace of the Przeworsk culture influences. The cross-bow tendril fibulae made of iron can be divided into three distinct groups: a.Prototypes with widened foot and triangular bow (Fig. 1) b.“Classic cross-bow brooches, mostly of type Almgren 161-162, and their richly ornamented variants (Fig. 4) c.Late brooches with short 4-coil spring and band-shaped bow (Fig. 5) The earliest “prototype form of iron cross-bow tendril brooches are, just as specimens made of bronze or silver, brooches with short 4-coil spring and slightly widened foot. Brooches of that type, not numerous, are known exclusively from the Przeworsk Culture assemblages of phase C1a. Similar brooches with a long many-coil spring (Fig. 2:1), dated to the same time, are their later stylistic forms. These brooches are also almost exclusively known from the Przeworsk Culture area. Three such fibulae found on Bornholm build an exception; they also came from the phase C1a. Two brooches with a bow made of triangular band which is widening towards head (Fig. 2:2) form a unique version of the “prototype fibulae. It is probably a result of local experiments in attempt to reconcile traditional version of the early Roman Period way of making brooches with new construction typical to the late Roman Period. Lack of the next specimens of that kind indicates that the experiment was hardly seen as a success. A vast majority of the “classic brooches are specimens of type Almgren 161-162 with many-coil spring, straight cord and strongly bent, almost knee-shaped bow. They are more widespread than the previous group (Fig. 4). The greatest concentration is, however, still on the Przeworsk Culture territory (Fig. 2:3–6), where they were in common use in the phase C1a, not so often in phase C1b and, very rarely in phase C2 (List 1). Finds from outside the Przeworsk Culture are dated to the same chronological period. Only a few finds of iron brooches type Almgren 161-162 were found on the Marcomanian or Quadian cemeteries (List 2; Fig 2:7). They were also rare on the Sarmatian sites (List 3) and in the basin of middle and lower Elbe (List 4a & 4b). Iron brooches of type 161-162 lack almost completely in Scandinavia. Quite astonishing is a concentration of such brooches on Bornholm (List 5), where nearly 20 specimens were found, and 3 more on Gotland (List 6; fig. 2:8). In the Baltic Sea zone clear concentration of that brooches was in the southern part of the territories of Western Balts, that is on Samland and in Masurian Lakeland, where 40–50 specimens were discovered (W. Nowakowski 1994). More than 20 iron brooches type Almgren 161-162 were registered in the area of the Wielbark Culture (List 7; fig. 2:9–11, 3:1, 2), what is rather surprising, because iron was almost totally excluded from a production of personal ornaments of the Wielbark Culture. The brooches mentioned above come almost exclusively from the zones E and F of the Wielbark Culture (i.e. Mazovia, Podlasie, Lublin Upland and Volhynia), that is from areas occupied in the early Roman Period by the Przeworsk Culture (Fig. 4). The brooches are dated there from the phase C1a to the phase C2. About 10 specimens were registered in the comparably not very large area of so-called Masłomęcz Group (List 8a, fig. 3:3), more then 10 came from the southern and western peripheries of the Chernyakhov Culture (List 8b), from the Sîntana de Mureş Culture (List 8c) and from the Culture of Carpathian Barrows on the middle Dniester (List 9). The substantial concentration of iron brooches type Almgren 161-162 in the Eastern Europe form nearly 30 specimens known from the Kiev Culture area (List 10; fig. 3:4–7). That number is really significant, concerning the state of investigations and publications of finds from Ukraine and southern Belarus. Quite exceptional finds are iron cross-bow tendril brooches ornamented with knobs and rings, similar to the types Almgren 163-164 and Almgren 167-168. Brooches with knobs on head come from the territory of the Masłomęcz Group (Fig. 3:9) and from the Przeworsk Culture area; specimens decorated with rings of notched bronze or silver wire (Fig. 3:10), or with a lyre-shaped chord are known exclusively from the area of Western Balts. Only very few richly ornamented variants of iron brooches clearly indicate that iron wasn’t the right stuff to produce them. The iron cross-bow tendril brooches of late version are less numerous than prototype specimens. Brooches with short, 4-coil spring or band shaped bow (Fig. 3:11, 12) are known only from few finds of phase C1b–D (Fig. 5). It seems that the Przeworsk Culture people invented use of iron to produce cross-bow tendril brooches. The distribution of finds, also late variants, indicates their links with the Przeworsk Culture, or other cultures being under strong “Przeworsk influences. There could be two ways of a diffusion of those brooches. First, traditionally accepted in archaeology, is the way of mutual exchange of goods and experience in direct contacts based mainly on economic grounds. In that way iron brooches of that type came to the Danube area, the Elbe basin, and, by much more intensive contacts to the territories of Western Balts, and through this area to Bornholm and Gotland. The other model, still under discussion, could be a co-existence of the Przeworsk and Wielbark Cultures in Mazovia and Podlasie, maybe also at the time of their further expansion. The result of it could be the “Przeworsk type brooches in the Kiev culture.

3

Problemy w relacjach gospodarczych między Polską a Szwecją w XVIII wieku

63%

Majewska G.

Studia Maritima

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2015

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vol. 28

35-52

EN

The maritime trade of the Baltic countries in the modern period of history (16th–18th centuries) was characterised by strong links with Western Europe and within the Baltic Sea especially close contacts were kept along the North-South axis. This direction of exchange in the case of Poland became quite significant in the modern times when the importance of commercial contacts with the Scandinavian countries was increasing at the expense of the Netherlands. The main economic partner of Poland in the Baltic Sea was Sweden; those two countries created strong market links, which was favoured by the complementary character of the exchange. Sweden imported Polish food, mainly ce-reals, and – at the same time – was an important supplier of industrial articles, mainly iron ore, to Poland. The complementarity of the economies of Poland and Sweden was expressed in the fact that Poland satisfied the Swedish alimentary needs (mainly for rye and wheat), and was one of the principal receiver of the main Swedish export article – iron ore. The statistical Polish and Swedish data reveal how big the mutual exchange was, as well as how big the balance of the turnover was (generally positive for Poland); in addition, they reveal such details as the type and quantity of goods exchanged, the trends in the exchange, and what the composition of the turnover was like. When the shipping routes between Sweden and Poland are analysed, the following things should be taken in consideration: the number and tonnage of the ships engaged, the flags under which they sailed, and the ports participating in the maritime trade between those two countries. The wars the Baltic countries were embroiled in had negative consequences for the economic relations between Poland and Sweden; for example, the North War (1700–1721), the siege of Gdańsk (1733–1734), the wars between Sweden and Russia (1741–1743 and 1788–1790) were reflected in the marine traffic between Poland and Sweden, in their trade turnover and its structure.

PL

Handel morski krajów bałtyckich w epoce nowożytnej (XVI–XVIII w.) wykazywał silne powiązania z Europą Zachodnią, a także ożywione kontakty żeglugowe i handlowe wewnątrz basenu Bałtyku, głównie w relacji południe–północ. Ten kierunek wymiany w wypadku Polski zyskał na znaczeniu w XVIII w., kiedy rosło znaczenie kontaktów handlowych z krajami skandynawskimi kosztem Holandii. Głównym partnerem gospodarczym Polski na Bałtyku była Szwecja. Między tymi państwami wykształciły się silne powiązania rynkowe, czemu sprzyjał komplementarny charakter wymiany handlowej. Szwecja występowała jako znaczący odbiorca żywności, głównie zboża, a zarazem dostawca ważnych artykułów przemysłowych, głównie żelaza. Z komplementarnością gospodarki Szwecji i Polski wiąże się udział Polski w obrotach handlowych Szwecji, jej rola w zaspokajaniu potrzeb żywnościowych (głównie żyto i pszenica) północnego sąsiada i jej znaczenie jako odbiorcy najważniejszego artykułu eksportowego Szwecji – żelaza. Na podstawie statystycznych zestawień szwedzkich i polskich można pokazać, jak kształtowała się wielkość obrotów polsko-szwedzkich, jaki był bilans tych obrotów (dla większości okresu korzystny dla Polski), rodzaj i ilość wymienianych towarów między Szwecją a Polską, trendy rozwojowe, udział poszczególnych towarów w całości obrotów. Przechodząc do problematyki żeglugi między Polską a Szwecją, należy zwrócić uwagę na ruch statków między tymi krajami (liczba i tonaż), bandery obsługujące tę żeglugę, porty uczestniczące w handlu morskim obu krajów. Negatywne konsekwencje dla relacji gospodarczych polsko-szwedzkich miały konflikty wojenne, które angażowały państwa leżące nad Bałtykiem. Perturbacje w działalności handlu podczas wojen (wojna północna lat 1700–1721, oblężenie Gdańska w latach 1733–1734, wojny szwedzko-rosyjskie w latach 1741–1743 i 1788–1790) znalazły odbicie w ruchu żeglugowym zarówno Polski, jak i Szwecji, w obrotach handlu i jego strukturze.

4

Hepcydyna w zaburzeniach metabolicznych

63%

Paulina Giemza-Kucharska P., Artur Słomka A., Justyna Kwapisz J., Ewa Żekanowska E.

Medical Review

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2012

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issue 3

351–355

PL

Hepcydyna jest niewielkim białkiem zaangażowanym w metabolizm żelaza. Poprzez internalizację i degradację ferroportyny, jedynego transportera żelaza z cytoplazmy komórek do krwiobiegu, hepcydyna odpowiedzialna jest za zmniejszenie stężenia tego pierwiastka w surowicy krwi. Wcześniejsze badania dokładnie scharakteryzowały mechanizmy odpowiedzialne za regulację syntezy hepcydyny i jej znaczenie biologiczne. Odkrycie tego białka rzuciło nowe światło na patogenezę takich jednostek chorobowych jak hemochromatoza, niedokrwistość z niedoboru żelaza czy niedokrwistość chorób przewlekłych. Ostatnie badania pokazują, że hepcydyna może pełnić także istotne funkcje w zaburzeniach metabolicznych, takich jak osteoporoza, czy też zespół policystycznych jajników. W niniejszej pracy przedstawiono fijologiczną rolę hepcydyny, jej znaczenie kliniczne oraz potencjalny związek tego białka z remodelingiem kostnym, osteoporozą oraz zespołem policystycznych jajników.

EN

Hepcidin is a small protein involved in iron metabolism. This protein bounds to ferroportin, the sole cellular iron exporter, causing its internalization and degradation, which causes decrease in serum iron concentration. Previous studies have characterized mechanisms of hepcidin synthesis as well as its biological activity. The discovery of hepcidin has shed new light on the pathogenesis of many disease such as hemochromatosis, iron deficiency anemia and anemia of chronic disease. Recent researches have shown, that hepcidin can play vital role in metabolic disorders, such as osteoporosis and polycystic ovary syndrome. The physiological role of hepcidin, its clinical signifiance and potential link with bone remodeling, osteoporosis and polycystic ovary syndrome are described in this review.

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Renesans polskiego hutnictwa żelaza i stali

Żelazne zapinki kuszowate z podwiniętą nóżką w europejskim Barbaricum

Problemy w relacjach gospodarczych między Polską a Szwecją w XVIII wieku

Hepcydyna w zaburzeniach metabolicznych