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EN
Hungary as a topic has been present in the German-speaking literature, although the 17th century represented a turning point of the perception of Hungary. At this time the war was a constant part in the everyday life of the society: firstly the Thirty Year’s War (1618–1648), secondly the English Civil War (1640–1688) and last but not least the great Turkish War in Hungary (1683–1699). So the domestic problems of these countries were discussed intensively in the international press. The home affairs of Hungary were a main topic in the German-speaking journals: in the portfolio of the Herzog August Bibliothek in Wolfenbüttel approximately 1,500 titles can be found, which high-lighted Hungary, the Hungarian circumstances as the great Turkish War, Magnates’ Conspiracy or the Thököly-betray. Eberhard Werner Happel’s Der Ungarische Kriegs-Roman, which has 6 parts, is – due to its genre and length – a very special article in the HAB’s collection. Eberhard Werner Happel (1647–1690) was one of the most productive and hardworking author of the later baroque era, who was neglected in the German literature in the following decades and century. The following paper would like to introduce what kind of Hungaryimage Happel could create. The main question of this presentation is: how does Happel display the Thököly-betrayal? The international publicity was scandalized at this step and Thököly’s disloyal behavior was put forward. The intensive presence of these topics impressed Happel, who worked from secondary sources. So Thököly and his policy appear with a great focus in Happel’s novel and Hungary-image.
EN
Research on the confession of officers serving in the Polish army in the 17th century is very limited. The different confession than a Roman Catholic, serving in the army as officers as soldiers did not facilitate their promotion in the army.
EN
For almost one hundred and fifty years the Habsburg Monarchy and the Ottoman Empire were struggling for control in Hungary. After the unsuccessful second Siege of Vienna in 1683 the situation seemed to be convenient for the reconquest of Turkish Hungary. The alliance of the Holy League against the Sultan was created in the spring of 1684 in which the Emperor, the Pope, Poland and Venice were involved. The Habsburgs focused their interests towards the Kingdom of Hungary from now on. Until 1688, in a series of campaigns the Christian forces reconquered most of Hungary and in addition the Habsburgs achieved the title of the hereditary kings of St. Stephen’s Crown.
EN
The Lutheran family of Berens (Behrens) came from Denmark, probably had peasant or bourgeois roots, while in the 16th century its members lived in the area of Ducal Prussia. In the mid-17th century, four brothers were identified – Jan, Jakub, Jerzy, also Paweł, who served in the army of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and who, thanks to their own abilities and royal protection, reached high military levels.
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Město Hlubčice ve válečných letech 1632–1639

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EN
This paper is concerned with military events in the Silesian town of Hlubčice during the Thirty Years‘ War, with emphasis on the 1630s, which are well-documented in archive sources. A central point of focus are the financial expenses of the population of Hlubčice which were aimed at military goals.
EN
Strumeň, a town in the Duchy of Těšín, bordering Pština, a strongly Protestant estate, was by the early 18th century a mostly Catholic locality, which provided significant support to the Roman Catholic Church in this part of Upper Silesia. This fact might be attributed to the successful cooperation of state and church offices within the implementation of recatholicisation policies which had been taking place since the 1670s. The successful, long-term pastoral work done by the local parson Jan Isidor Janus is also a likely contributing factor. One of the significant documents aimed towards the restoration of Catholicism in this town is the letter of the Těšín provincial governor Jan Laryš of Lhota to the mayor and council of Strumeň, dating from August 3, 1673. Based on the request by the Strumeň priest Janus, Laryš urges them under penalty of imprisonment to uphold the proper Catholic upbringing of the youth of Strumeň, as well as their regular attendance of catechism and their receiving of penance and the Eucharist. Besides editing this written source, this contribution places it in a wider context within the development of the Strumeň parish.
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest wzajemnym powiązaniom między żołnierzami a populacją miasta podczas wojny trzydziestoletniej, głównie na podstawie niemieckiej literatury przedmiotu, która potwierdza i uzupełnia własne badania autora. Chociaż zazwyczaj funkcjonuje obraz wrogości obu tych grup społecznych, potwierdzony przez rozliczne raporty morderstw, rozbojów, gwałtów, przemocy fizycznej i psychicznej, to jednak rzeczywistość była dużo bardziej barwna, a doświadczenie miasta z wojskiem nie zawsze musiało być negatywne. Mogła to być wzajemna współpraca, szczególnie na niwie handlowej,a nawet stosunki przyjazne i rodzinne.
EN
The article deals with the basic issues of the relationships between soldiers and the city population during the Thirty Years' War, primarily on the basis of German special literature, which is still authoritative in this respect and at the same time confirms and complements the author's own research. Although the notion of the insurmountable ambivalence of both these social components, generally supported by countless reports of murders, robberies, rapes, physical and psychological attacks, the reality was much more colorful, and city experience with soldiers may not always have been negative. Whether it was mutual cooperation, especially on a commercial basis, or establishing friendly and family relations.
ES
Durante unos trabajos en la C-260 a la entrada de Rosas (provincia de Gerona, España) fue descubierta una necrópolis de época moderna. Del estudio realizado de los restos no se llegó ni a precisar la cronología ni a establecer su origen. Este trabajo se basa en una investigación de archivo que reinterpreta los datos y demuestra más allá de cualquier duda razonable que la necrópolis fue un improvisado cementerio en que se dio sepultura al personal de la armada de D. Antonio de Oquendo muerto a consecuencia de una epidemia desatada entre 1636 y 1637.
EN
During road works on the C-260 road close to the entrance to the town of Rosas (the Province of Gerona, Spain), a necropolis belonging to the Early Modern Period was discovered. A study of the remains was conducted but it did not lead to establishing the exact chronology or nature of the site. This paper, based on a thorough research carried out in the archives, gives a re-interpretation of the archaeological data. It demonstrates beyond any doubt that the necropolis is an improvised cemetery where the personnel of the fleet commanded by Admiral Don Antonio de Oquendo were buried. They were victims of the epidemic sweeping the country in 1636-37.
PL
Podczas prac remontowych prowadzonych na drodze C-260 przy wjeździe do miasta Rosas (w prowincji Gerona, w Hiszpanii) odkryto nekropolię z czasów nowożytnych. Przeprowadzone wówczas badania szczątków nie doprowadziły ani do ustalenia jej chronologii, ani powodów jej powstania. Niniejsza praca, oparta na materiałach dostępnych w archiwach wskazuje, że nekropolia ta była stworzonym ad hoc cmentarzem, na którym grzebano personel floty admirała Antonio de Oquendo. Były to ofiary epidemii panującej w latach 1636-1637.
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