Women began to come in the intellectual professions in large numbers after World War I. Until then the most numerous group was formed by teachers. At the turn of 19th and 20th century, physician, pharmacist and teacher were on the increase. After the First World War, women have penetrated also into science, first into medicine. Lawyers had the greatest difficulties in finding employment. The situation improved after several interventions of women’s organizations in the early thirties of the 20th century. However, stereotypical thinking and fear of men from qualified female competition still persisted and saw the woman primarily as wife and mother.
In 1904 while in Rome Theodor Kohn had resigned as the archbishop of Olomouc. After his resignation he moved to Rindbach near Ebensee and in October 1904 he moved again to Ehrehnausen in Styria. There he had bought castle Ehrenhausen. Until his death in 1915 he lived there with his secretary Frantisek Botek, Theodor Vavrusa and his servants from Moravia. Kohn has renovated the Eggenberger mausoleum, which was a component of the castle Ehrenhausen, and after his death he was laid to rest there. Kohn's heirs gave the Eggenberger mausoleum to the Land Steiermark.
The author analyses development of the Slovak professional theatre after World War II from the perspective of emerging generationally related art teams of the theatre makers. He notes that generational manifestations have always been conditioned by social situation because the basic attributes of this concept are the uniformity of opinion and the ability to strongly articulate civic and artistic views in controversy and confrontation with the prevailing social atmosphere. The sixties brought along a release of social tension and at this period quite a number of university-trained young theatre artists active in theatres were stepping up against a strong group of older artists, who after years of schematism showed remarkable vitality and were able to absorb many elements of modern theatre. The first full-valued generational theatre was the theatre company Divadlo na korze. In the seventies, a tendency towards a generational theatre was to be found especially in theatres in Trnava, Nitra and Martin, but in all cases these were repertory theatres with staging production varying from generational proclamations of "otherness" to mainstream pieces. Generationally clearly defined theatre was given the opportunity to develop only after social upheaval in 1989.
In the sixties, Slovak Theatre eagerly adapted modern European and world drama and did not hesitate to stage inventive interpretations of home and foreign classics and some of their outstanding productions even earned respect in the wider European cultural context. Since 1965, Slovak theatres staged only a few original plays written by Slovak playwrights that could withstand the demanding criteria and deserve to be staged again. In the early seventies, the majority of Slovak dramatic productions were just variations on a reliable model of psycho-realistic „images of life“ The model of drama employed by Karvaš tried to form a more or less logically constructed model story with the real world characters and situations that would reflect everyday experience and feelings of the audience. This approach to dramatic text was only modestly questioned by the practice of a small group at the end of the sixties and early seventies still beginning amateur artists, such as Stanislav Štepka and Milan Markovič in Radošina Naive Theatre, Ivan Hudec and Ján Belan in Theatre at Roland, Karol Horák and student theatre at the Faculty of Philosophy in Prešov UJPS and young students in the Theatre Behind the Gates in Bratislava and later their younger followers, who wrote their texts directly with the idea of their practical implementation. In the first half of the seventies, a strong generation of young artists gradually integrated into the Slovak professional theatres. Rather than „truth“, they preferred the stage imagery and metaphor, rather than practiced precision they preferred playfulness. An important attribute of texts that young theatre makers consistently sought for and which they directly inspired was the resignation from the classical structure of the dramatic text construction. The significant difference between the older and younger generation of playwrights was the rejection of the principle of process causality in the construction of situations and characters. Another significant and defining feature common for this new type of plays that were gradually added into the repertoire of Slovak ensembles thanks to the young staging teams was a strong reluctance to word as a bearer of meaning. The second half of the seventies was a turning point, when the creative energy of young theatre artists generated the first dramatic texts written for the needs of specific ensembles and respected the effort of particular theatres to modernize their repertoire.
In the article was presented the conception of the history of science in the interpretation of Bogdan Suchodolski. Having described the conception of the history of science created by George Sarton (1884 - 1956), whose thought was influenced by positivistic philosophy of August Comte, the idea of the history of science of Johan Nordstrom (1891 - 1967), who was inspired by the system of Wilhelm Dilthey, and the materialistic conception of the history of science, which was represented, among others, by John Desmond Bernal (1901 - 1971), the author is making an attempt at revealing to what extent Bogdan Suchodolski was inspired by the above-mentioned visions of the history of science. Having defined the history of science as the history of scientific activity of people and their consciousness formed by the activity, Bogdan Suchodolski applied in the field of his own conception of the history of science the ideas that were put forward by German thinkers and philosophers, and were connected with a way of understanding culture as the constant development of national awareness, which can be exemplified with different dimensions of culture. Undoubtedly, identifying the history of Polish science with constitutive element of the history of national culture and paying attention to the conceptions tending not only to explaining, but also understanding phenomena, B. Suchodolski was influenced by Alfred Vierkandt's and Wilhelm Dilthey's thought. The present article includes several reflections on the conception of the history of science, which was created by B. Suchodolski. Among others, we can find here detailed information on how B. Suchodolski understood: the history of science, its subject, aim and methodology; its status in modern social consciousness and as the history of truth; relations between history of science and theory of science and scientific policy, history of science and the problem of unity and diversity of scientific thinking, history of science and ideas, history of culture and technology, and sources of scientific progress.
The article examines information about printing-houses at the end of the 19th century. The author analyses the first publications, focusing in particular on the “Misiatseslov” calendar, the “Listok”magazine and the “Kelet” newspaper. She attempts to systematise the elements of graphic decoration of these editions such as head-pieces, vingettes, endings, initials and illustrations. Her analysis of stored artefacts shows that Transcarpathian graphic arts developed in the European art study process in the late 19th and the early 20th centuries.
The study deals with the assassination of Acting Reichsprotektor Reinhard Heydrich, its significance and consequences: the second martial law, destruction of two Czech villages, Lidice and Lezaky, and executions of Czech patriots. These events had a strong impact on the international public opinion and contributed to the demand for punishing the Nazi war crimes. President Edvard Benes and the Czechoslovak exile government in London played an important role in that. Attention focuses on the Czechoslovak exile government in London discussing the situation in the Protectorate and on its subsequent activities in this matter in relation to the Allies that contributed to Great Britain's withdrawal from the Munich Agreement early in August 1942. Part of the study is also the edition of important documents related to that matter, particularly the two declarations of the Czechoslovak government drawing the attention of the allied states to the Nazi persecution in the Protectorate.
There is no doubt that the first postwar Olympic Games held in London in 1948 played a role in the history of sports that was far from being negligible as that event was intended to become a symbol of the reestablished unity of all nations. Therefore, much of the postwar efforts of the Czechoslovak Olympic Committee from the very beginning concentrated on the preparation for the Olympic Games. This did not include only the pre-Olympic training of sportsmen; also the money needed for the participation had to be raised. Owing to the Committee's efforts and also thanks to the government a sufficient amount of money was obtained and many excellent sportsmen could attend the event. It was hoped that the Czechoslovak representatives would gain many Olympic medals. Indeed, they often showed surprising performances. Through its work, the Czechoslovak Olympic Committee could influence to some extent the political development in the country even after February 1948, as the Communist regime was still consolidating at that time and paid much more attention to other priorities than to sports.
The liberation of Western Bohemia by the American Army and the subsequent U.S. military administration constitute an important chapter in the final period of World War II in Central Europe. It also had direct impact on the internal political development in liberated Czechoslovakia, where immediately after the war a fierce fight started between the democratic forces and the Communists for the country's postwar orientation. The democrats relied on assistance by the American military administration whereas the Communists immediately used any - even alleged - attempt of intervention in the civil administration in their propaganda for attacks against the democrats and ultimately against the country's foreign orientation to the USA and, on the other hand, for propagating absolute cooperation with the USSR. In addition, the existing problems were complicated by the complex ethnic structure in Western Bohemia with its strong German minority. Therefore, the American military administration had to ensure 'general' security, smooth transition to peacetime life without any violent excesses on either side, restoration of peacetime conditions, revival of civil administration, and basic infrastructure. The American Army could successfully cope with all the complex tasks owing to its experienced commander General E. N. Harmon, and thus largely contributed to the restoration of peace conditions and partly also of democracy in postwar Czechoslovakia.
The story of Sociakol consumer cooperative in the years 1945-1950 is described. The institutional and methodological approach to studying the history of the cooperative is combined with a biographical approach depicting the stories of a limited circle of persons in its management. Thus, this particular regional example helps us explain the interconnection between the Communist Party and consumer cooperatives. It demonstrates the gaps and limits available in the social system prior to and after the Communist coup of 1948 that made it possible for well managed fraudulent groups of people operating in border regions to carry out illegal economic activities well covered with the then political and economic trends and slogans. It also shows the reasons for prosecuting and suing these people after the February Coup, and gives details of the lawsuits against them under the political supervision by the Communist Party.
The article presents life and scientific output of Maksymilian Rose – an eminent Polish neuroanatomist and neuropathologist of the inter-war period. In the first period of activity he worked in Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut für Hirnforschung in Berlin, where was appointed to a post of head of Pathology Ward. In the years 1927–1929 he was an editor-in-chief of the renowned periodical Journal für Psychologie und Neurologie, and in 1928 returned to Poland. Having been appointed to a professorship at Department and Mental Clinic in the University of Vilna in 1931, also managed the Institute for the Researches on Brain. He was an originator of the modern science of brain cytoarchitectonics. Probably, the searches in this field brought him about the greatest discovery – a description of the new partitioning of the cerebral cortex, which resulted from its ontogenetic (embryological) development and from its differentiated behaviour in different parts of primary parent coat and primary cortex coat. The foundations of the modern neurocytoarchitectonics of cerebral cortex especially were laid by two scientists: the most eminent Spanish neurobiologist Santiago Ramón y Cajal and Polish researcher – Maksymilian Rose. Constantin Economo and Karl Kleist considered him for the creator of science of fields' differentiation of cerebral cortex from histological point of view.
The text concerns the process of publishing the yearly of Mianowski Fund entitled 'Polish Science' in the inter-war period and just after war. Stanisław Michalski (1865–1949) – an eminent pesonage actively engaged both in educational and scientific work – had a great share in the obtention of the possibility of editing 'Polish Science'. The paper includes both the description of his activity in this field and the subject of the twenty five volumes of 'Polish Science', and reveals the importance of the yearly for science before and just after the World War II.
The paper deals with problems of the Hungarian minority in Czechoslovakia and Slovakia in the 20th century. It monitors the perception of history on the example of anti-Hungarian measures after the Second World War on the basic of results of sociology – socio-psychological research of Institute of Social Sciences in Košice.
The subject of the present paper is an analysis of the dramatic time structure in the comedy El baúl de los disfraces by Jaime Salom. There are three time levels in the play: the current real time, the real time of the past events and the unreal time where these levels intermingle. The chronological order of the plot world differs from that of the past events occurring at the scenic time. The technique employed by the author exhibits substantial parallels with the work entitled L’Inconnue d’Arras by a French playwright Armand Salacrou.
This study deals with the life story of Bishop Joseph Hlouch in the context of the dramatic political, social and religious changes of the 20th century – during the interwar Czechoslovak Republic, in the post-war period and during the existence of the Communist regime from its takeover in 1948 to the period of “normalization” after the Warsaw Pact invasion.
The Locarno Conference was held in October, 1925 and the participating parties (Great Britain, France, Belgium, Italy, and Germany) discussed there primarily the question of Germany's western border guarantees. Less attention was paid to the eastern border of Germany, and to that purpose, Poland and Czechoslovakia were also invited to attend the last part of the meeting. The Conference was a success particularly of Great Britain and Germany. The agreement of Berlin, Paris and Brussels confirming the status quo on the Rhine and the promise to admit Germany to the League of Nations meant the recognition of London's role of arbitrator in European maters. On the other hand, Berlin obtained primarily guarantees of Germany's western borders. France failed to be too successful. The equal position of Germany, ostracized until that time, weakened the political position of France as international power and its efforts aimed at making Great Britain more active east of the Rhine failed.
The author analyzes in his study the main political line of the Provincial Christian Socialist Party (OKSzP), one of the two major Hungarian minority parties represented in Czechoslovak Parliament in the period of years 1933-1935, under the leadership of Count Janos Esterhazy, who was elected as its new chairman in December 1932. The political line of the OKSzP is explained in a broader context of the Hungarian minority's policy in prewar Czechoslovakia. Attention is particularly paid to Esterhazy's explanation of the negativist opposition policy of the Hungarian Christian Socialists. The ongoing talks of political representatives of the Hungarian minority about a broader autonomist block with the Slovakian autonomists are summarized and the prospects of rather lukewarm relations of Hungarian minority politicians to the Sudeten German parties in the first half of the 1930s are outlined. To conclude, the results achieved by the Hungarian minority parties in the fourth Parliament elections in prewar Czechoslovakia are summarized and the election of the new OKSzP Chairman to the Lower House of National Assembly and his first appearance in the Assembly are mentioned.
Compared to the neighboring countries, the political system in Czechoslovakia between the two world wars appeared to be an island of democracy in Central Europe, particularly after the seizure of power in Germany by the Nazis and the annexation of Austria by the German Reich. Still, however, various aspects of the democratic system in Czechoslovakia were criticized by some theoreticians and politicians, also from democratic points of view. This applies also to the electoral system. The heaviest criticism of the electoral system during the First Czechoslovak Republic focused on two electoral techniques: The use of Hare’s method in the first scrutiny to calculate the mandate number, and the practice of using strictly conditioned candidate lists. With the application of this method there were more surplus votes for the second scrutiny than when using another technique, such as the Hagebach-Bischoff method. Thus, the whole system based on political parties became one of the crucial problems of Czechoslovak democracy in the period under consideration. The position of party bosses was extremely strong, the conditions inside the party were highly centralized. Party members were controlled through conditioned candidacy. A widely applied practice was the ideological viewing of potential party renegades. The parties acquired too much power in influencing the state administration. In spite of the questionable features of the party role in the country’s political system there were some advocates of it. Therefore, neither the electoral system nor the structure of political parties changed until 1938.
The process of incorporation of the Austrian gendarmerie in the police corps of the new-born Czechoslovak state is described. The first chapter shows the attitude of the local and district national committees to the gendarmerie units. The next part refers to the relevant National Committee resolution to retain the gendarmerie in the services of the Czechoslovak state and points to the Committee’s endeavor to rehabilitate the former Austrian gendarmes in the eyes of the public. In that connection many complaints about the anti-Czech conduct of gendarmes during the war had to be handled. From October 1918 to early 1920 the original Austrian Gendarmerie was transformed into Czechoslovak gendarmerie that was supposed to become a cornerstone of the democratic order in the new state. The process was far from being easy; nevertheless, when the provincial gendarmerie commander joined the National Committee in Prague on 29 October 1918 it became clear to all Committee members that another suitable instrument to build the new state power could hardly be found. Thus, overnight, the gendarmes removed the Austrian state eagle and German inscriptions and pinned on Czechoslovak ribbons.
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