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EN
Since the baptism of Poland up to 1918, the social care of orphans was diversified. Until the annexations, the care of parentless children in the Polish territories had been environmental and stemmed from voluntary and charitable actions taken up mostly by the Church. The creation of children wards in hospitals and shelters, and the establishment of children’s households in Warsaw as a result of father G. Baudounin’s initiative, might be considered as prototype actions in the complete institutional care of orphaned children. However, during the time of annexations, the situation of orphans became significantly diversified because it depended on the invaders’ policy and the citizens’ activity. Thus, on the one hand, it was created by the occupying country, on the other, it was shaped by tradition. In the territories of each of the conquerors there were periods of liberalization of law, which rendered it possible, at least to some degree, to follow Polish concepts. These were mostly based on philanthropy, charity religious groups, associations and individuals. It needs to be stated that at the beginning of the 21st century, in all of the partitioned territories, the orphanages were governed by obsolete regulations although tried out in other countries. In each of the annexed parts of Poland, the educational and caring actions stemmed from the acquired legislative system. Under the Austrian occupation it was the commune that had the duty of taking care of the parentless children as it was stated in the act passed on 3rd December 1863. In the Prussian part of Poland, the commune’s duty of taking care of the orphans was stated in the act passed in July 1870. It is worth mentioning that the legislative in Prussia was very similar to the Austrian one. The only difference between them was their effectiveness – it was far more efficient in the Prussian province. Under the Russian invasion the regulations concerning the orphanages were quite different. Since the resolution from 1817, the public care of orphans relied on the good will of the society. It was not until the ruling from 1870 that the city councils of public philanthropy, supervising such institutions, were brought to life. At the turn of the 19th century in Poland, especially among social and educational activists, the problem of children’s care became more popular. The necessity of providing care through social actions based on the law was discerned. During World War I, the problem of orphanhood achieved a new dimension, the so-called war orphanhood. It was not effectively taken care of until the end of the war.
EN
The subject of this study is a historical analysis of the newest history of rail freight transportation in the Czech Republic, starting from the establishment of independent Czech Railways in 1993 to the opening of freight transportation to international competition after joining the EU in 2005. This period is characteristic for certain basic changes in more than 150 years long history of railways transport. It is significant for the detachment of railroads from the actual conveyance of trains and for the opening of rail market to other carriers and thus setting the competition to the market. These changes took place throughout period of deep restructuring of Czech industrial and energetic business environment, finding railways totally unprepared. The opening part of this study is reflecting the first known reform models in Europe — Britain and Germany — which were followed by the legal regulations of European Community. Their role was to raise the attractiveness of the railway transportation due to the market liberalization. Despite the formal opening of the Czech railroads to other carriers already in 1994 the state company Czech Railways possessed far enough strength to block potential competition. Therefore, the first external competition recruited from the existing big business partners of the Czech Railways, i.e. OKD Transport and Unipetrol Transport. Both companies owned trains, wagons and could facilitate large siding tracks areas. Besides mentioned, they disposed of enormous bargaining power which enabled them to be competitors to Czech Railways just as partners. Similar way, thanks to the construction contracts on railways, the company Viamont emerged. The author pays special attention to the openings of international crossings. Here, in this sector, the Czech Railways managed to hold monopoly until 2005. Liberalization of the railway market and its opening to competition lasted for more than 10 years. Throughout this period the Czech government tried repeatedly to reform even the state owned railway companies. Nevertheless, these reforms were very cautious and gentle, primarily due to the strong position of unions which blocked any major changes. Even though the state Czech Railways, or rather the CD Cargo could hold dominant market position after 2005, the market managed to become fully competitive and comparable to other EU markets according to the level of liberalization.
EN
The author of the present article proves the veracity of the postulate, which was formulated by Bogdan Suchodolski and concerned the necessity of popularizing the history of science. The stipulation is still greatly important for many fields of human activity. Bogdan Suchodolski was not the first and the only thinker, who revealed the unquestionable significance of disseminating the history of science as scientific branch. For the first time the problem was noticed in 1900 during International Congress of Comparative History in Paris and in 1903 during International Congress of Historical Sciences in Rome, when the idea of universalizing the history of science was put forward, among others, by: Paul Tannery, Carre de Vaux, Gino Ioria and Karl Sudhoff. All the mentioned participants declared then the necessity of teaching the history of science both in the secondary schools and in the universities. In the article was also included a detailed description of conceptions formulated by Paul Tannery and Michel Lhéritier in the inter-war period that concerned popularizing the history of science, and differed much from each other. Unlike Paul Tannery, Michel Lhéritier advised against separating history of science from the whole of history. On the occasion of describing the inter-war period the author is paying a special attention to the role, which was played by International Conference of Teaching History in Hague in 1932. In that time a representative of International Committee on the History of Sciences and International Academy of the History of Sciences – Aldo Mieli – presented the idea of disseminating the history of science, which resulted in a resolution saying that the discussed branch should be taught in the primary and secondary schools, and in the universities as well. Further, the paper includes the description of the detailed conceptions that were put forward after World War II by the members of Committee on Teaching within International Academy of the History of Science and the participants of International Congress of the History of Science in 1965 and in 1968, and concerned the idea of introducing compulsory lectures on the history of science for prospective teachers and lecturers, and the ways of universalizing the discussed branch. The author is also presenting American conceptions of popularizing the history of science tht were created by George Sarton, Derek J. de Solla Price and by Committee on University Education that was established in the 1970s. In the article one can find a specific reflection of Bogdan Suchodolski on popularizing the history of science through admitting its social role, making it the main element of educating ‘the modern man’ and teaching the branch in Poland. The author describes the above-mentioned stipulations in detail. At the same time, the last part of the paper reveals Polish thought in the field of disseminating the history of science in the inter-war period, so in times, when Bogdan Suchodolski was on the point of building his own idea. The author makes an attempt at showing to what extent Bogdan Suchodolski was inspired by one of the most famous Polish originators and precursors of a new branch ‘science of science’ – Florian Znaniecki. On this occasion the author draws definite conclusions concerning similarities and differences between the conception created by Bogdan Suchodolski, and the ideas that were put forward by his predecessor.
EN
The first part of the study reviews the debates about Hungary’s “Europeanness” and her place in Europe. It discusses Hungarian self-perceptions about history, socio-cultural character, and on whether the country is Central-European, East-European or South-East European. The second part summarizes the relationship between Hungary and the Balkans from 1918 until the Eastern enlargement of the EU, by focusing on aspects most important from the Hungarian perspective. These are the Hungarian-Yugoslavian (after 1991 Hungarian-Serbian), the Hungarian-Romanian relations and the question of minorities. Finally concludes by pointing to the present challenges in bilateral relations and underlines the perspectives opened by the euro-atlantic integration of the region.
EN
The history of relations between the center and the particular regions during one of the vital periods following the first Five-Year-Plan (1932) until the end of the “great terror” late in 1938 is discussed. It was a short period of certain stabilization after the preceding chaos produced by the Stalinist transformation of the country in the early 1930s until the end of unprecedented terror of 1937–1938. Much attention is paid to the key moments in the center-vs.-regions relations and the author shows that the regional officials were always able to resist the centralization policy of Moscow by applying a variety of strategies and procedures. This changed with the launch of “great terror” in 1937–38 and the regions with their officials mostly turned to willing executors of the orders coming from Moscow. The terror also aimed at the existing regional officials at all levels, who were replaced by a new generation, fully dependent on Stalin. The regime also started using terror as one of the main tools of controlling the state and society.
EN
The article presents a historic and present description of foreign academic stations of Polish Academy of Sciences. These are – chronologically – stations in Paris, Rome and Vienna, Historical Research Centre in Berlin, Academic Station of Polish Academy of Sciences in Moscow and Science Promotion Bureau PolSCA in Brussels. For a more precise description the stations were showed in a wider historic and present-day context of other Polish and foreign posts of that kind. While presenting in general each of the mentioned centres of Polish Academy of Sciences, and particularly the Paris station, the author points out that despite different problems, the stations still develop and are essential. A more detailed description of the Paris centre – the oldest Polish academic station abroad – is to reveal a difficult and complicated process of arising such posts, and the process, which is additionally influenced by political context that occurred as a result of World War I, gaining the independent Polish State, World War II, the Polish People's Republic period. Having depicted all foreign stations of Polish Academy of Sciences, the author inquires about their status in Polish science, their mission, ways of managing and financing, about their future.
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PL
Według danych z 2011 roku, mniejszość muzułmańska w Bułgarii stanowi około 10% populacji tego kraju (577 139)1. Składają się na nią reprezentanci narodowości tureckiej, ale także Pomacy (czyli bułgarskojęzyczni mahometanie), Romowie oraz Tatarzy, choć – ze względu na specyficzny rozwój tożsamości tej grupy wyznaniowej na Bałkanach oraz doświadczenia przymusowej bułgaryzacji – podziały te są złożone i płynne. Obecność tak licznej mniejszości wyznaniowej w państwie, które do połowy XX wieku podkreślało swój ścisły związek z prawosławiem, a nieprzerwalnie prezentowało się jako homogeniczne pod względem struktury narodowościowej, rodziło wiele problemów, konfliktów oraz wyzwań w przeciągu nowej historii Bułgarii (aktualnych do dnia dzisiejszego). W niniejszym artykule pragnę się skupić na kluczowych zagadnieniach związanych z egzystencją muzułmanów na tym obszarze w przeciągu XX wieku: nad przejawami antyislamskiej polityki władz bułgarskich pod postacią zarówno wielkich akcji przymusowej bułgaryzacji i wysiedleń, stałych działaniach związanych z dyskryminacją tej mniejszości, źródeł tej polityki na polu kulturowym, a także współczesnej sytuacji wyznawców islamu w Republice Bułgarii po upadku komunizmu.
EN
The paper is about the main problems of the policy of Bulgaria toward the Muslim minority since the beginning of 20th century till the present days. First of all, there is the analysis of the biggest assimilation action of the Muslims: in 1912, in 1942 and in the 1980s, during which Bulgaria tried to reduce the number of Muslims in the state (or even cleared out) by changing names from Arabic and Turkish to Bulgarian, forced Christianization and displacement. However they were not the only activities against that minority, which was discriminated since the creation of Bulgarian state in 1878. The roots of that policy are connected with the image of Islam and the “Turkish yoke” in Bulgarian national consciousness and culture, which defines representatives of the Muslims as “Islamized Bulgarians” and “traitors”. After the fall of communism and the democratic transformation in Bulgaria, the situation of the Muslim minority has significantly changed, which is connected with activity of the party, which represented their interests in the political scene, Movement for Rights and Freedoms and an affiliation of that Balkan state to European Union.
EN
Among numerous and distinguished author's and editorial works of Bogdan Suchodolski a particular value presents a publication in eight volumes entitled 'History of Polish Science' (including two biographical and bibliographic volumes), which was published in the years 1970–1992 on Professor's own initiative and edited by himself. This is the first synthesis of the history of science in Poland, from the beginning of the Middle Ages till the present time (to 1952). In the conception of the initiator and editor the work presents the development of scientific thought and achievements of the scholars in relation to national culture and in connexions with the trends in science in the world. 'History of Polish Science' is the work written by several dozen authors, representing different domains of the knowledge. Scientific, organizational and editorial patronate was possible by dint of History of Science and Technology Establishment of Polish Academy of Sciences (presently the Institute for the History of Science of Polish Academy of Sciences), which was managed by Bogdan Suchodolski.
CS
The theme of the value of work and of the importance of the work in human life in the People’s Republic of Poland was the subject of consideration of many scientific milieu of those times. What was in reality the position of the intelligentsia — both in social and economical spheres — in the postwar Poland? What were the possibilities of a choosing a profession, of obtaining an ideal position and developing one’s scientific career? How were their careers affected by their social class and their political views? What in the end was the priority or position of professional work in their private lives.
EN
Marie Fischerová-Kvěchová is a Czech painter and illustrator of children’s books. She was very popular and active in the time of the First Czechoslovak Republic and almost forgotten during the period of Communism. I will deal with her complete work in my doctoral thesis. The aim of this essay is to present that part of artist’s work which is inspired by folk art. Marie Fischerová-Kvěchová was interested in folk culture throughout all her life. She visited ethnographic regions in Bohemia and abroad, where she made sketches, she collected folk shoes and toys, she illustrated folk songs and poems. She started her artistic career after the First World War, in the time of reinforced patriotism and nationalism. In that period artists looked back to their history and searched for the original Czech art. Folk art was considered to be one of these pure sources. Marie Fischerová-Kvěchová participated in this effort by her membership in Zádruha, the association of handmade production, where she designed clothing inspired by folk costumes.
EN
The study focuses on changes in Czech consumer cooperatives in the years of the so called “first” Czechoslovak Republic, i. e. between 1918–1938. These changes are examined under three different viewing angles: 1. development of economic parameters; 2. organizational structure; 3. transformations of primary and secondary roles of consumer cooperatives. On the basis of this, the study concludes that the Czech consumer cooperatives can be evaluated as highly developed. They constituted a wellorganizedmarket component, with a significant market position, despite its political fragmentation. Their development was surprisingly stable and continuous, especially in contrast to the development of the economic cycle.
EN
This article describes the dhikr practices in the Northern Sudan. It consists in various ecstatic prayers, dances, songs and litanies, in which God’s names are being repeated many times. These practices are well known all over the Muslim world. While in Europe they are popular called “dervish dances”. First, the role and fundamental — “classical” elements of the ritual are explained — in context of Muslim world and the Sudan alike. Afterwards the description of the dhikr is presented. The author — both being eye-witness of these practices and conducting interviews about them, gives descriptions of two different versions of the rite. In the second part of the article there is a confrontation of common and dissimilar items of both practices and a try for their interpretation. The text shows a complex role and different contexts of the dhikr in religious life of Sudanese society. It also portrays different forms, which this rite can adobe and strength of its expression.
13
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SZYMON ASKENAZY A NIEMCY

81%
EN
Simon Askenazy (1865-1935) was one of the most prominent Polish historians of the beginning of the 20th Century. Poland was then divided between Russia, Germany (Prussia) and Austria-Hungary. Askenazy strongly contributed to the popularity of Polish irredenta movement at the outbreak of WW I. His approach toward the Germans should be perceived as an outcome of several factors, namely the changing international situation, the German/Prussian policy towards Polish subjects and the national interest of Poland. Thus the outbreak of the Great War as well as the restoration of Poland as its aftermath proved to have a great impact on Askenazy and his historical writing.
EN
The restoration attempts of Charles Habsburg in Hungary were the last efforts to restore the “former order” in Central Europe after the First World War. In the time of relative pacification the restoration attempts caused a crisis between Hungary, the successor states and the Entente, and brought Central Europe on the brink of an armed conflict. The article The Return of the King? is a case study with elements of comparison, the goal of which is to analyse the attitude of foreign policy towards the question of the Habsburg restoration in Hungary and to describe the reaction of the Little Entente and the Allies: the United Kingdom, France, and Italy. The changes of the system of government in Hungary made the ex-king hope that his attempts could succeed. Charles simultaneously hoped for a support of the Entente. However, the restoration attempts were sharply opposed by the states of the Little Entente, which believed that the return of the Habsburg dynasty on the throne of Hungary would constitute a threat to their own sovereignty. In case of a successful restoration the Little Entente threatened with a military intervention. The danger of the restoration attempts catalysed cooperation of the Little Entente and helped the completion of the alliance. The Allies had to intervene in order to maintain peace in Central Europe and adopted a negative position. The goal of this article is to prove that the restoration of Habsburg dynasty was not achievable in given circumstances of foreign policy.
15
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Křesťanské odbory v meziválečném Československu

81%
EN
This study looks at First Republic Christian peoples’ unions, which comprised one of the key constituents of the union movement in Czechoslovakia at the time, built primarily on party principles. Only relatively little attention has been paid to this topic in Czechoslovak historiography. Within Czech society, these unions were established in 1902 and following the establishment of an independent Czechoslovakia, the organisations underwent significant development. The unions played a key role not just in improving the social status of workers, but Catholic unions were also of fundamental importance in maintaining the influence of Christianity (specifically the Catholic Church) amongst workers and served to maintain religiosity within the working class, which had been under threat from the modernising secular trends in interwar Czechoslovakia.
EN
The article concerns issues relating to tobacco plant protection, which is an important element of the work of every tobacco grower and often decides on the amount and quality of the crops. In the middle of the 20th century The Tobacco Industry and the Tobacco Growers’ Association supplied plan protection equipment for tobacco growers. Different designs of spraying equipment have been developed for different types of applications and field and crop conditions. In the Polish tobacco industry one of the most popular was the high volume sprayer OP-20. In the first half of the 60s the percentage of sprayer OP-20 was a more than 50% of all sprayers. Gradually, in place of sprayer OP-20 were introduced sprayers type “Puzon” and “Działkowiec”. Very popular and effective were hand compression sprayers – “Sad” and “Rex”, which were placed in a wheelbarrow. In the middle of the 60s tractor mounted sprayer have been used, especially by plant protection stations.
EN
The military intervention of the Soviet Troops which started on 4th November the so-called Imre Nagy group was given the possibility of asylum at the Yugoslavian Embassy. Janos Kádár annulled the agreement with the Yugoslavians, and demanded that Imre Nagy and his group to be turned over to the Hungarian Government by the Embassy. The Kádár government’s spokesman informed the public on November 23 that Imre Nagy and his colleagues had gone to Romania. The Imre Nagy government and Imre Nagy himself committed an unforgivable crime against the Hungarian people. The Radio Free Europe, Imre Mikes reported: at the end of the notice a comment by the Special Committee of the People’s Court of Supreme Court was quoted: “...the Committee found the accused guilty and sentenced Imre Nagy, Pál Maléter, dr József Szilágyi, and Miklós Gimes to death, Ferenc Donáth to 12 years, Zoltán Tildy to 6 years, Ferenc Jánosi to 3 years, Miklós Vásárhelyi to 5 years imprisonment, and Sándor Kopácsi to life imprisonment”. The judgement is definitive. The death sentences have been carried out.
18
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K československo-poľskému sporu o Oravu a Spiš

70%
EN
This article discusses a recent Palgrave Macmillan monograph on an internationally little-known Czechoslovak-Polish dispute over former Upper Hungarian provinces of Orava (Árva) and Spiš (Szépes, Zips), partitioned in 1920. The bone of contention between Prague and Warsaw for almost three decades to come, closely related to the problem of Teschen (Těšín, Cieszyn), amassed problems for local population and administration and regularly became an issue of national and international politics. The study by Marcel Jesenský is a daring attempt to present the topic in its complexity and full time-span for international audience. Albeit it offers multiarchival research and some interesting, rarely articulated viewpoints, the book seems to be something of an overstrech. Heuristics displays severe lacunae, reference to up-to-date research is unsatisfying, even terminological problems arise. This state of affairs results, in the present reviewers´ opinion, in a surprisingly long row of various errors and inaccuracies.
EN
The paper deals with two Catholic intellectuals, R.I. Malý and J.K. Miklík, who endeavored to reform Czech society through their political papers published during the existence of what is known as the First Czechoslovak Republic. They found inspiration in European authoritarian movements of the interwar period of time, such as the French Action française, Belgian Rexist movement, Italian fascism, or the Polish ‘sanation’ regime. Their views strongly reflected particularly the ideas of Italian fascism, as much as it outwardly manifested its sympathy for Catholicism. Nevertheless, these Catholic intellectuals were not only critical of the existing social order, parliament-based liberalism, capitalism, political parties and democracy in the First Czechoslovak Republic, but also of some particular representatives of political life, mainly T.G. Masaryk. Their texts contained not only critical views, but also creative constructs of the new reality according to their Catholic doctrine constituting – in Plato’s idealistic spirit – a conserved closed society. Their opinions represent an interesting sample of Czech political thought and provide an inspiring view of a certain alternative of development for the First Czechoslovak Republic.
EN
Housing policy has been and still is an important part of social policy. The intervention instruments of housing policy maintain a balance between the housing market and the financial affordability of adequate housing even for those with the lowest income. This article aims to analyse the involvement of social workers in addressing housing issues in the city of Ostrava in the context of the housing policy of the former Czechoslovakia. In terms of time, the project was focused mainly on the period of the first half of the 20th century, which is associated with the professionalization of social work in Czechoslovakia. Social work has been actively involved in the practical application of housing policy measures since residential care was made part of the work of social workers. The housing issue and seeking solutions to it in Ostrava more or less followed the progress of the country as a whole. The emphasis on the readiness of future professional social workers in the performance of residential care under the respective departments in state institutions in Ostrava was already incorporated into their training. The social work methods applied in Ostrava included social casework. Ostrava based companies, in particular Vítkovice Ironworks have made contributions to housing construction and residential care. Based on studies of archival resources it can be concluded that social work as a practical activity was actively involved in addressing housing issues during the reporting period.
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