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PL
This article presents the results of comparative research into 9th century vessels discovered in numerous archaeological sites in Lower Silesia. The research was underpinned with petrographic analyses of ceramics representing a progressive trend in pottery. The reason why this issue is discussed is the occurrence of vessels with similar technological and stylistic attributes in both the south and the north of the region under scrutiny. The research leads to a conclusion that the common features shared by the ceramics artefacts may result from foreign influences in the north and the south of the region alike. However, numerous similarities in the final touches of the vessels indicate that in the first half of the 9th century (if not later), Silesian potters shared their experiences while the populations of the north and the south of the region and exchanged various artefacts including vessels. This exchange of experience in pottery production bore fruit in the form of stylistically and formally diverse vessels.
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest analiza trzech wybranych kobiecych biografii. Przedstawicielek tych generacji, które na różnych polach swojej aktywności społeczno-politycznej, oświatowej i naukowej wpisały się, choć na różnym etapie, w istniejący model emancypacyjnych dążeń kobiet (od drugiej połowy XIX stulecia do czasów II Rzeczypospolitej). Ich społeczne dokonania, kobieca twórczość pisarska, naukowe kariery, a wreszcie też osobiste doświadczenia są jednak znakomitym przykładem charakterystyki ówczesnych indywidualnych kobiecych postaw i przekonań, osobistych dylematów i niekiedy trudnych życiowych wyborów. Próba spojrzenia na kobiece biografie z tych dwóch perspektyw, publicznej i prywatnej, pozwoli nie tylko na pokazanie złożonych dróg ówczesnych kobiet do równouprawnienia, lecz także na przedstawienie ich sposobu rozumienia całego zespołu pojęć, wyobrażeń i postulatów składających się na kwestię emancypacji kobiet. Punktem odniesienia dla niniejszych rozważań są trzy historie lwowianek: Zofii Romanowiczówny (1842–1936) – uczestniczki powstania styczniowego, działaczki oświatowej i pisarki; Marii Dulębianki (1861–1919) – działaczki społecznej, publicystki i pisarki, założycielki Związku Równouprawnienia Kobiet we Lwowie w 1908 r. oraz Łucji Charewiczowej (1897–1943) – działaczki społecznej, historyczki na Uniwersytecie Jana Kazimierza we Lwowie i kustosza Muzeum Historii miasta Lwowa od 1931 r.
EN
The paper is devoted to the analysis of three selected women’s biographies. These three remarkable women featured in the article were representatives of the generations that took part in creating a model of women’s emancipationist aspirations (from the second half of the 19th century to the times of the “Second Polish Republic”). All of them were engaged in many various fields, their socio-political, educational and scientific activities were quite well described. On the other hand, there is the need to show their social achievements, writing, scientific careers and personal experiences as an excellent example of their individual attitudes, beliefs, personal dilemmas and difficult life choices. Our paper is the attempt to present these female biographies from two perspectives: public and private. We believe that it allows us not only to show how these women were fighting for equal rights, but also to present their way of understanding the whole set of concepts, ideas and postulates that make up the issue of women’s emancipation. The point of reference for these considerations are three stories of women of Lviv: Zofia Romanowiczówna (1842–1936) – a participant of the January Uprising, activist and writer; Maria Dulębianka (1861–1919) – a social activist, publicist and writer, the founder of the Association of Women’s Equality in Lviv in 1908; and Łucja Charewiczowa (1897–1943) – a social activist, historian at the University of Jan Kazimierz in Lviv and the curator of the Lviv City History Museum (from 1931).
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