After 1918, the newly created Czechoslovakian Republic offered a helping hand to many thousands of Ukrainians who had fled their native country, which had been occupied by the Soviet Union. The young Ukrainian intelligentsia studied at Czech secondary schools and universities, in Prague at the Mikhail Drahomanov Pedagogical Institute (1923–1933), and in Řevnice, near Prague, at a Ukrainian Secondary School. Several dozens of Ukrainian students studied, supported by the Czechoslovakian state, at Prague Conservatoire. Special attention is paid here to the students of composition (including Mykola Kolessa, Hryhory Dyachenko, Zenovy Lysko, Nestor Nyjankivsky and Roman Simovych).
Due to Bronislaw Malinowski, Florian Znaniecki, Leon Petrazycki and several others' achievements, Polish sociology has enjoyed an a priori recognition. Sadly, this situation is changing. According to the author, there are following alarming trends and phenomena in Polish sociology: absence of criticism, lack of 'middle range theories' as well as the lack of will to formulate them; loosing the potential of social change laboratory, unsatisfactory state of social change research; lack of new ideas that would spread abroad, sticking with one paradigm; absence of appreciation of novel research in Poland (e.g. sociology of morality); insufficient co-operation across sub-disciplines and fragmentarization. Yet, there are several problem areas in Polish sociology, that are could be recognized as outstanding in the world. These are: 1) social norms and deviation sociology, 2) social stratification; 3) theory of social change, 4) sociology of science and 5) social engineering. At a closer look, however, it turns out that the achievements in theory of social change are smaller than one would expect in the social context extremely beneficial for this type of studies. In the area of social stratification there are too few 'middle range' generalizations. There five ways of improving this situation: 1) concentrating on successful developments, 2) implementation of practical test for existing methodological approaches, 3) transforming technicalized thinking by humanities' approach; 4) developing new abilities of theory building in social sciences, and 5) undertaking comprehensive analysis of Polish society.
The Research and Development sector is created by the institutions involved in activities of increasing the knowledge and exploring new applications. Products created in the sector are innovations which are a factor of rapid economic development. The problem of R&D sector is still a low level of funding, especially in the private sector. The number of patents and commercialization of solutions is small compared to other European countries. Enterprises do not use opportunities to cooperate with universities and other research institutions, and opportunities for the development of R&D sector, taking into account the potential of the existing academic and research institutes, are still huge. This is why the aim of this study is the analyze of the R&D sector structure and a short description of research and development activities in the Podlaskie Province. The level and method of financing the R&D sector in Poland is characterized by a relatively low share of expenditure on R&D activities, the domination of the public sector financed and a low spending on applied research and development work. Poland is among the group of countries with the highest share of basic research in the overall structure of research.
Karel Zverina (1871-1944) was appointed a teacher and later a school-director in Krecovice between 1894 and 1930. His papers, today in the Town Museum in Netvorice, near Krecovice, contain a number of documents concerning his Krecovice principal, the school director Josef Suk, and his family - mainly his son, the composer Josef Suk, and his father-in-law, Antonin Dvorak. There are, among others, letters by Josef Suk sen., and a print of his festive speech from 1893, describing the hard life of a 19th century village teacher, anecdotes from Antonin Dvorak's visits to Krecovice, written by Zverina, as well as his drawing of the Krecovice church organ-loft and interior, marking places taken by the important guests (the Czech Quartett, Antonin Dvorak, members of his and Josef Suk's family), and, especially, one letter written by the composer Josef Suk and several drafts of his works, including the title leaf of Pod jabloni op. 20 - the only existing remainder of the original eighteen-page draft of this composition.
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