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1

OBSERVATION OF DRIVER EXPRESSION OF AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR

100%
Jelenova I.
Studia Psychologica
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2006
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vol. 48
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issue 4
293-301
EN
The present study examined the relationship between a drivers' age and a gender, a vehicle status and a traffic density and an aggressive driving behavior. We analyze the results of the observations conducted at four intersections during a total of 24 hours. We observed three types of behavior: short horn honking, long horn honking, inappropriate and the sudden lane changes and cutting in front of the other drivers. The gender differences in occurrence of the observed types of an aggressive behavior were not noticed. The younger drivers appeared to have a greater tendency toward aggressive driving behavior than the older ones. The vehicle status is associated with a frequency of the observed aggressive acts. An analysis of the relation between the number of the vehicles on the road and an aggressive driver behavior did not show any evident increase in an aggressive behavior with the increased traffic congestion.
2

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SELF-ESTEEM, AGGRESSION AND POVERTY

100%
Mikulášková G., Adamkovič M.
Človek a spoločnosť. Internetový časopis pre pôvodné teoretické a výskumné štúdie z oblasti spoločenských vied
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2018
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vol. 21
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issue 1
-
EN
The presented study had two objectives - to verify whether there is a difference between the poor and non-poor people in self-esteem and aggression; and to verify if poverty moderates the relationship between self-esteem and aggression. The study hypothesize that people included in the group of poor will experience lower self-esteem and higher aggression compared to the group of non-poor, and additionally that poverty will moderate the link between self-esteem and aggression. The research sample consisted of 86 employed persons (48 women). The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) aged between 25 and 59 (M = 33.58 SD = 8.10); and (2) a permanent monthly income. Two research tools were used - self-esteem was investigated through the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES; Rosenberg, 1965) and aggression was assessed using the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ; Buss & Perry, 1992). The study confirmed that poverty is a determinant of impaired self-esteem, but based on the available evidence, it is not possible to conclude whether or not poverty affects aggression. Moreover, the effect of poverty on moderating the relationship between self-esteem and aggression was confirmed. The link between aggression and self-esteem was found to be weak in the group of poor people, whereas aggression was shown to be a relatively strong predictor of self-esteem in the group of non-poor people. The limitations of this study are the inclusion criteria for the poor (up to 400€), the sample size and the sampling method.
3

STATE RESPONSIBILITY FOR CYBER-ATTACKS ON INTERNATIONAL PEACE AND SECURITY

100%
Kulesza J.
Polish Yearbook of International Law
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2009
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vol. 29
139-150
EN
This article discusses international law mechanisms for dealing with electronic threats generated from the territory of one state and directed against a foreign sovereign. It analyses the possibility to recognize a cyber-attack as an act of international aggression and shows existing difficulties at the present state of the international debate. It then turns to the traditional notion of state responsibility for lack of due diligence as a source of state's responsibility for cyber-attacks. Such due diligence should be guaranteed through sufficient criminal law regulations that are properly executed in order to effectively prevent and prosecute electronic attacks. In this context the article posits that an international debate is required with the aim of establishing international guidelines. The results of such a debate should than allow for the harmonization of national criminal law regulations. Although the authoress points to the need for an international debate on the system for protection against cyber-attacks on states' key electronic infrastructure, she also emphasizes already existing international obligations for states to take responsibility for attacks conducted from their territory.
4

THE 1939 SOVIET AGGRESSION ON POLAND: INTERNATIONAL LEGAL ASPECTS (Agresja ZSRR na Polske w 1939 roku. Aspekty prawnomiedzynarodowe)

100%
Karski K.
Międzynarodowe Prawo Humanitarne
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2010
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vol. 1
205-225
EN
The Soviet aggression on Poland started without a formal declaration of war on 17 September 1939. It was under the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact sixteen days after Germany invaded Poland from the west. The invasion ended on 6 October 1939 with the division and annexation of the whole of the Second Polish Republic by Germany and the Soviet Union. The Author highlights the legal aspect of the Soviet aggression in the light of international law and official Soviet propaganda.
5

FUNNY OR AGGRESSIVE? PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS OF NATIONAL STEREOTYPES IN A COMMERCIAL SPOT - A CASE STUDY

100%
Brzozowska D.
Stylistyka
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2006
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vol. 15
385-398
EN
The paper deals with the sense of humor represented in stereotypes and in jokes about various nations. The thesis that 'real is what has real consequences' is examined on the basis of advertisements. The focus of the paper is on Media Markt (consumer electronics retailer operating in Western and Central Europe). One of their campaigns using the slogan 'Ich bin doch nicht blöd' (I am not that stupid) was accompanied with a series of short dialogues between shop assistants and customers from different countries and ethnic groups. As a result of the protests of the Poles and of the Germans of Polish origin, the company decided to stop presenting the spot mocking Poles in Germany and even removed it immediately from its website. The analysis of the scripts present in a spot is carried out and the discussion of the pragmatic context of the issue is conducted. The characteristic features of the xenophobic language and the means of contempt are presented. A thin border between what is funny and what is aggressive is observed in the context of national sense of humor or its lack.
6

Różnice w poziomie agresywności polskich kobiet i mężczyzn w różnym wieku

100%
Rytel J.
Studia Psychologica
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2011
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issue 11/1
65-80
EN
This paper aims at exploring differences in levels of aggression of men and women in different age groups (10 to 79 years). Additionally, it provides information on psychometric characteristics of Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (Amity version) by age. Sexual selection theory proposes that sex difference in physical aggression are due to greater male than female competition for reproduction which leads males to use more risky strategies. In line with the theory, the largest divergence between men’s and women’s physical aggression was observed in the age group 16-22. The differences were smaller in both younger and older age groups. The results seem to support the theory of sexual selection, but their validity should be further confirmed on larger samples, in particular, with a bigger share of older individuals (above 55 years old).
7
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NÁSILIE A AGRESIA VOČI SESTRÁM PRI VÝKONE POVOLANIA

88%
Lepiešová M., Nemčeková M.
Sociológia (Sociology)
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2013
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vol. 45
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issue 2
172 – 194
EN
Violence and aggression against nurses in their professional practice has become serious problem of the contemporary clinical nursing practice. In the conditions of Slovakia database concerning the extent of this problem is insufficient. The main purpose of this study was to explore the problem of violence and aggression against nurses in Slovak conditions' context of clinical nursing practice particularly with the stress on violence against nurses perpetrated by the patients. We had used the method of questionnaire – the scales of own construction. The research sample consisted of the nurses from the clinical nursing practice of selected hospitals in Žilina region.
8

EFFECT OF SELF-REGULATION OF SHAME ON TEENAGERS’ AGGRESSION

88%
Wang L., Sang B.
Studia Psychologica
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2020
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vol. 62
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issue 1
58 – 73
EN
Studies have found that shame and aggression are closely connected, and self-blaming and re-planning strategies can regulate an individual’s shame. This study conducted two experiments to investigate the effects of self-regulation of shame on explicit and implicit aggressiveness of adolescents. Shame was induced in both experiments by audio recordings describing different shameful situations that adolescents may experience in daily life. The participants of 7th grade were required to self-regulate their shame by self-blaming strategy, re-planning strategy, or non-regulation, and rated their explicit aggressiveness in Study 1 and did implicit association test (IAT) in Study 2, respectively. The current studies found that the regulation of shame with self-blaming strategy enhanced explicit aggression, but did not affect the bias of implicit aggression.
9

AGGRESSION AT SCHOOL: BELIEF IN A PERSONAL JUST WORLD AND WELL-BEING OF VICTIMS AND AGGRESSORS

88%
Dzuka J., Dalbert C.
Studia Psychologica
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2007
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vol. 49
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issue 4
313-320
EN
This paper presents a research study where just world research was applied to the analysis of aggression at school. Based on the previous findings that characterize the belief in a just world (BJW) as a valuable resource for maintaining positive well-being and assimilating injustice, the present studies test the hypotheses that: 1) personal BJW is positively correlated with subjective well-being; 2) this relationship holds for victims and aggressors alike. Overall, findings were in line with our hypotheses. The stronger the adolescents' endorsements of the BJW, the better their well-being. The pattern of results persists when controlled for neuroticism and extraversion. The implications of these results for further studies on aggression, victimization, and well-being are discussed.
10
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Krytyka psychologicznych badań nad przemocą w grach komputerowych. Przykład Christophera J. Fergusona

88%
Krawczyk S.
Homo Ludens
|
2014
|
issue 1(6)
57-73
EN
CRITICISM OF PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH ON VIOLENCE IN VIDEO GAMES. THE CASE OF CHRISTOPHER J. FERGUSON
11
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REFLEXION OF EVIL IN ART AND ITS ACCEPTANCE (Reflexia zla v umeni a jeho recepcia)

88%
Paljesek M.
Slovenské divadlo (Slovak Theatre)
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2011
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vol. 59
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issue 2
102-116
EN
The paper deals with the contemporary marginal position of art which thematizes evil and represents drasticness in its various real forms. It starts with exposition how the evil passed into the art and after compendious historic digression shows that image of evil in art of western culture of 20th century would be more real and more palpable. The whole following part is attended to interpretations of selected illustrious artistic works rendering evil, while their analysis is concentrated prior to the measure of reality of the rendered evil; the reactions of recipients depend on. There is also assessed the common denominator of those works - it is unanimous intention to eliminate cruelty all over the world. After the interpretative part, the author highlights on perception of those works. Based on Wolfgang Welsch's essay - AESTHETICS AND ANAESTHETICS - he cautions on social insensibility for the real constituted verity. Effective means for calling forth insensible senses of people is exactly art symbolising real brutality of evil. Following paradox also originates from that: on the one hand this art has ambition to cultivate the world; on the other hand this art is indigestible for recipient. However, reasons why this kind of art does not fulfil its mission more effectually should be searched not only in its shocking nature, but also in its minority position within the world of art. So it seams to be found itself in the vicious circle of incomprehension. In the conclusion of the theme author would like to present the problem of culmination of evil in the world from the psychologist Erich Fromm's point of view. He upholds conviction that malignantly forms of aggression are not inborn for people and that they can be combated by conversion of contemporaneous social-economic conditions into such conditions which will reflect actual necessities and abilities of man. According to Wolfgang Welsch's and Erich Fromm's proposals the author presents the hypothesis whether also the art performing realistic brutal evil - destruction should not go via a topic of evil by other way - in favour of its effectiveness for its influence on society.
12

THE PROBLEM OF AGGRESSION IN RELIGIOUS-MORAL EDUCATION (Problem agresji w wychowaniu religijno-moralnym)

88%
Slotwinska H.
Roczniki Pastoralno-Katechetyczne (Pastoral and Catechetical Annals)
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2011
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issue 3(58)
193-214
EN
The article starts with a presentation of various definitions of aggression. Then the author presents different divisions of aggression, the factors that cause it, and the circles, in which aggression most often occurs. The next stage is presenting aggression as moral evil, to which a believer may not be indifferent. Counteracting aggression and stopping the aggression that already exists, is the last part of the present article. The definitions quoted in the article allow one to understand better not only the concept of aggression, but also its causes and results. The knowledge of the specific circles and of the factors causing aggression is very significant in the educational process. Every aggressive act, or even the intention to commit it, is morally evil. The awareness of this should incline both the teachers and the pupils to counteract aggression, as well as to refrain from aggressive acts, or weaken the aggressive acts that already exist.
13

ARMED ATTACK IN INTERNATIONAL LAW - IN SEARCH OF CONTEMPORARY DEFINITION (Napasc zbrojna w prawie miedzynarodowym - w poszukiwaniu wspólczesnej definicji)

88%
Kowalski M.
Studia Prawnicze
|
2008
|
issue 3(177)
59-82
EN
The text analyses one of the key notions of Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, namely the armed attack notion. The interpretation of this notion - which still misses the generally accepted definition - is of crucial significance as it determines the scope of the right to self-defence under Article 51 of the UN Charter, which together with the collective security system create the only two exceptions to the prohibition on the use of armed force in international law. The notion is interpreted in relation to the use of force notion and the act of aggression notion. The understanding of the armed attack notion as the gravest form of the use of force is challenged. Also, the problem of the source of an armed attack is analysed. It is submitted that non-state actors themselves may not be perceived as a source of an armed attack. However, the standards relating to the attribution of non-state actors' military actions to states should be extended. In general, the presented interpretative approach towards defining the armed attack notion shows that it is indeed possible to interpret the 'jus ad bellum' norms in such a manner as to, on the one hand, carefully adjust them to new threats in order to let states respond individually more adequately, but, on the other hand, to remain within the framework of the UN Charter and keep all the system safeguards.
14
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VIOLENCE - SOCIALLY UNDESIRABLE PHENOMENON

75%
Ondrejkovic P.
Sociológia (Sociology)
|
2008
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vol. 40
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issue 5
391-416
EN
Violence, including violence committed by youth, can be by using 'thick description' identified as specific human behaviour, focused on extortion of carrying out the wishes, interests, acts, commands, and regulations. Violence is in the most of the cases associated with power or predominance. The 'thick description' represents very detailed, literally microscopic reckoning of what is violence and it originated from paradigm and theoretical-methodological concept of phenomenology. Aggression and violence, in a similar way as money, became universal fetishes of the contemporary societies. They are becoming a generally recognised issue in which probably all people are interested in. There are discouraging theories and according to them the increasing violence and aggression became the symptom of self-destruction of our civilization which draw its universality and legitimacy from its constitutional non-violence. By aggression we often refer to offensive behaviour, which usually follows as a reaction to real or apparent threat of one's own (above all) authority, and is very often a demonstration of anger. The sociological meaning of aggression contains also an intention, i.e. intentional abuse. On the present we are witnesses of the continuing discussions if aggression is primal meaningful force which enables solutions of the aims in life and the life's questions or if it is destructive potential in a human being which has to be necessarily shunted by upbringing or training (self training). The determination of violence is very inaccurate although it forms part of our everyday experience. It denotes the most frequent definition of one-shot act or more precisely procedure where at a human being causes a personal injury to someone else. Other characteristics discuss any acts including neglect which influences life, physical and psychical integrity, individual liberty and it discusses any other acts impairing personal development. The multivalent concept of violence gives evidence the fact that it is also used for definition of a form of intervention in the different types of the relations (interpersonal, foreign, relations between institutions) and its sphere is modified by the legal authorities. The essential categories of violence are pain and threat of suffering. Violence that is causing harm is a source of helplessness of a victim and at the same time it is a demonstration of a perpetrator's dominant power over her or his victim. The whole society as well as social sciences should concentrate their efforts in search for solutions for the continuous and growing violence, as a global phenomenon in which an important role will have to be played not only by the state and the public administration but also by all spheres of civil society.
15
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NÁSILÍ A UTVÁŘENÍ SOCIÁLNÍCH STATUSŮ VE VĚZEŇSKÉ SUBKULTUŘE

75%
Juříček P., Smolík J.
Sociológia (Sociology)
|
2023
|
vol. 55
|
issue 1
44 – 75
EN
The text focuses on the relationship between aggression and the formation of social status in prisoners in selected prison with maximum security. The article is based on a sociological survey conducted from February to April 2022. A questionnaire survey among convicted men, classified as a prison with medium and high grade security, addresses the perception of risk of conflicts between prisoners, especially in terms of age differences and number of incarcerations. Methodologically, the text takes the form of a case study, mainly due to the complexity of obtaining valid data from convicted criminals. The main goal is to evaluate the level of threat to the life and health of prisoners and prison staff in the real environment. The article deals with the manifestations of aggressive behaviour in the execution of the sentence and their reflection by prisoners. The part of the text does not cover only the typology of individual manifestations of the so-called prison violence, but also the presentation of diagnostics and monitoring of these excesses by the Prison Service of the Czech Republic.
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