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ALTRUISMUS A EGOISMUS JAKO SPOLEČENSKO-POLITICKÉ HODNOTY NA PŘELOMU 2. A 3. TISÍCILETÍ

100%
Vencálek J.
Annales Scientia Politica
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2015
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vol. 4
|
issue 1
17 – 22
EN
Searching for the solutions of societal crisis at the beginning of the 3rd millennium has been increasingly associated with the new paradigmatic perception of the reality of the world. This is closely related with an emphasis on the study of contextual relationships that would enable preservation of the integrity of the human community. One of the priorities of this process is the need for societal transformation of the perception of the relationship between egoism and altruism.
2

From Stimulus to Morality

100%
Grabarczyk P.
|
2004
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vol. 13
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issue 2(50)
111-123
EN
The author examines W.V.O. Quine's theory of the origin of moral values as presented in 'On the nature of moral values'. He points to some rather evident shortcoming of that theory. He is particularly worried by its vagueness and a deficient definition of altruism in Quine's theory. Then he tries to find out if it is possible to keep Quine's initial assumptions--especially behaviourism and naturalism--but clarify the vagueness and adopt a more satisfactory view of altruism.
3

TUGENDHATOV PROBLÉM „PRAVDY“ V KONFRONTÁCII S HEIDEGGEROM

88%
Muránsky M.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
|
2018
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vol. 73
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issue 10
790 – 803
EN
The aim of the study is to provide a critical commentary on the position held by E. Tugendhat in his work Egocentricity and Mysticism (published in 2003) in terms of his own criteria of the hermeneutic concept of truth. The article presents this concept of truth in its original negative-critical form, and explores two lines of inquiry in an attempt to explicitly grasp the implicitly understood „world as a whole“ in Wittgenstein's perspective of the impossibility of reflecting the boundaries of the language. The second, parallel theme is an attempt to investigate the „universe“ (understood as a whole) as the basis of his theory of mysticism. The first thesis of this study is that both of these levels, on the one hand the enlightenment worldview and on the other hand the existential concept of mysticism, have to be separated and thematized as a relationship between the condition of a possibility and the conditioned. The second thesis is that as a result of his theory of mysticism Tugendhat introduced the concept of „egocentricity“ in two mutually contradictory meanings. The third is that by his essentialism in the concept of „anthropology“ Tugendhat allowed the return of Heidegger's problem of the historical picture of the world to the place of universal truth, and also the return of the problem of authentic and no authentic existence beyond the sphere of ethics.
4

MLADÍ DOBROVOĽNÍCI V MIMOVLÁDNYCH ORGANIZÁCIÁCH (KONTEXTY MOTIVÁCIÍ A ALTRUIZMU)

88%
Winkler T.
Etnologické rozpravy (Ethnological Disputes)
|
2016
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vol. 23
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issue 2
7 - 28
EN
The presented paper deals with the motivational factors of volunteering and the concepts of altruism and egoism. It is aimed at presenting the motivations reflected by respondents, but examines also the advantages, disadvantages and other aspects of volunteering. The research sample consists of volunteers in the age range of 19 to 27 volunteering at the non-governmental sector. The statements of respondents are analysed and interpreted through the distinction between endocentric and exocentric altruism by a Polish social psychologist Jerzy Karyłowski.
5

CHOOSING AN INTERACTION PARTNER: THE ROLE OF REPRESENTATIONS OF OTHER PEOPLE AND CODING SYSTEMS IN THE PREFERENCE PATTERN FOR SELECTION CRITERIA

88%
Rutkowska D., Szuster A.
Studia Psychologica
|
2011
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vol. 53
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issue 2
185-199
EN
The theories and research on pro-social behaviour have indicated how important the way of representing other people can be as far as giving help is concerned. This paper explores this further by studying the preference for four types of criteria which may be applied to choose partners for social interactions that go beyond altruism. Ninety-nine upper secondary school students participated in the study. The findings reveal that the accessibility of representations of other people together with the activation of verbal and non-verbal systems of representations modify the preference pattern for particular selection criteria.
6

NATURE OF VIRTUE: EVOLUTIONARY STRATEGIES UNDERLYING HUMAN PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR

88%
Bereczkei T.
Magyar Pszichologiai Szemle (Hungarian Psychological Review)
|
2008
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vol. 63
|
issue 1
613-631
EN
Evolutionary theories on altruism among relatives, friends, and group members are considered as the regular parts of the psychological handbooks by now. However, helping to strangers - which is a unique capacity of human beings - has not satisfactorily been explained in psychological studies linked to the Darwinian framework. Why are we generous towards those who are not our relatives, whom we cannot expect to return, even whom we have not met at all? The author argues that those emotional and cognitive information-processing mechanisms that predispose humans to behave altruistically towards strangers constitute an inherent part of the human psychological equipment. A question arises, how these mechanisms could have been shaped during evolution, given that altruism may impose certain costs and risks on the altruist. Another crucial question is that what specific psychological processes mediate the adaptive algorithms of prosocial behavior to the actual interpersonal relationships. He suggests four behavioral strategies and psychological mechanisms - and the underlying possible evolutionary processes - that may be responsible for shaping altruism towards strangers: 1. Similarity and sympathy (kin selection); 2. Strong reciprocity and altruistic punishment (group selection); 3. Reputation-gaining, costly signaling and competitive altruism (individual selection); 4. Cognitive processes that have been primarily shaped for other, non-altruistic tasks, such as theory of mind, Machiavellianism, empathy (exaptation).
7

TYRTAIOS A SOCIÁLNO-POLITICKÁ FUNKCIA RECIPROCITY

88%
Porubjak M.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
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2012
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vol. 67
|
issue 1
35 – 46
EN
The paper tries to show the parallels between altruism and reciprocity as conceived in contemporary debate and the role of reciprocity in social and political life in ancient Greece at the turn of the 6th century B. C. A detailed analysis of Tyrtaeus’ poems as well as a close view on social, political and military systems and strategies serves to unveil the motivations for an altruistic behaviour the discrimination of so called “free riders”. Several key forms of the reciprocity in Tyrtaeus are discussed, the “furious valour” being of the highest value, and enabling to prize the “fairness” of the agents of the indirect reciprocal behaviour. Thus the social cohesion could be achieved not only through charitable altruism (as suggested by Titmuss), but also through many forms of indirect reciprocity found in Tyrtaeus.
8

MORALITY IN THE LIGHT OF THE EVOLUTIONARY SCIENCES (Moralnosc w swietle nauk ewolucyjnych)

75%
Hohol M.
Semina Scientiarum
|
2010
|
vol. 9
132-147
EN
The current paper puts forward the relationship between morality and evolutionary sciences and limits of evolutionary explanation. In order to study these connections, the following steps are taken: firstly, structure of evolutionary theory is presented. General evolutionary mechanisms (natural selection, sexual selection, kin selection) are summarized in detail. Secondly, middle-level evolutionary theories (reciprocal altruism, parental investment, parent-offspring conflict) are presented in context of morality and ethics. Thirdly, relationships between two visions of morality - 'Veneer Theory' and 'View of Morality as an Outgrowth of the Social Instincts' - are discussed in the light of the scientific arguments. Finally, the need to consider cognitive science and evolutionary psychology in naturalizing morality is demonstrated.
9

REKONCEPTUALIZÁCIA ALTRUIZMU V BIOMEDICÍNSKOM DARCOVSTVE

75%
Sýkora P.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
|
2012
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vol. 67
|
issue 1
1 – 14
EN
The author’s suggestion is to abandon Titmussian paradigm of biomedical donor ship based on pure altruism and to replace it by a new ethical approach based on the reciprocity/solidarity principle. First, the relationship between altruism and reciprocity is examined. Secondly, the achievements of behavioural sciences and the theory of evolution are used in the analysis of the reciprocal altruism which is apparently the motive power of the evolution of human cooperation. Finally, the possibility of using this new conceptual framework for the objectives of biomedical donor ship is examined as well.
10

“PANRELACIONIZMUS” AKO ONTOLOGICKÝ ZÁKLAD ETIKY ALTRUIZMU A RECIPROCITY

75%
Višňovský E.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
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2012
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vol. 67
|
issue 1
26 – 34
EN
The paper provides an account of the pragmatist philosophical conception of „panrelationism“ as the basis of the ethical theories of altruism and reciprocity. The author maintains that ethics is deeply rooted in ontology (metaphysics). The Deweyan concept of the transaction is outlined as well. The author attempts to show that altruism is not necessarily only reciprocal. It demands as its supplement (at least) altruism without reciprocation.
11

TRANSPLANTÁCIA ORGÁNOV Z POHĽADU FENOMENOLÓGIE TELESNOSTI

75%
Tomašovicová J.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
|
2012
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vol. 67
|
issue 1
15 – 25
EN
In spite of the universal moral consensus and a permanent appeal on altruism and solidarity concerning organ donation the number of transplant patients awaiting organs is still considerably greater than the number of organ donors. Most of the current approaches to organ donor ship are based on a dualist model of differentiating between body and spirit. Based on the phenomenological criticism of this dualism and the phenomena of the body and corporeality as conceived in phenomenology are then several fundamental ethical principles which in the author’s view could determine the attitude to human body and its organs.
12

SOCIÁLNE A PSYCHOLOGICKÉ ASPEKTY KOOPERÁCIE V AGRÁRNYCH SPOLOČENSTVÁCH VO VOJVODINE (SRBSKO)

63%
Hulín M.
Slovenský národopis (Slovak Ethnology)
|
2015
|
vol. 63
|
issue 1
25 – 40
EN
The study focuses on issues of cooperation and reciprocity in the theoretical context, designated as mutualist approach. This approach is confronted with altruistic models of cooperation. The study is based on author ś long-term field research of cooperation during field works by farmers in Serbia. On the basis of the description of the origin, the process and the end of costly forms of cooperation, he sought to describe the social and psychological factors that are important for stable cooperation. In this context, emphasis is placed on the evolved sense for fairness and sensitivity to moral reputation and its evaluative and communication aspects which disseminate and stabilise the social norms of cooperation. Also attention is paid to conflicts of interest that motivated farmers to misuse cooperation, and to an analysis of the ways of resolving potential disputes. The results of the study show the sensitivity of peasants to the proportionality of their contribution and the benefits obtained from cooperation, including expectations regarding proportionality between their rights and obligations. When these expectations were not met, their cooperation ended. Due to the threat of open conflicts, they preferred less costly, symbolic sanctions or their institutional coverage. The key to stable cooperation seems to be the sticking to mutual benefits and mutual respect for farmers’ interests. Moreover, the mutualistic approach can also be used to describe many cases of altruistic help, which, however, does not exclude sincere willingness and an effort to help without claiming any reward.
13

Praising punishment

63%
Marosan G.
Szociologiai Szemle (Sociological Review)
|
2008
|
vol. 18
|
issue 3
109-123
EN
The article surveys the role of the institutions of punishment in the society. In the past years - besides of analyzing the other-regarding behavior - more and more experiments were carried out to purposefully examine the effect of punishment. These experiments were carried out partly on human subjects, and partly on agents of computer simulations. The results of the experiments show a much more appropriate picture about role of the punishment institutions in societies. The article presents the characteristics of different types - direct, indirect, and altruistic - punishments. It argues that the punishment behavior of different people depends on their personality, life-history, as well as their social circumstances. The article analyses the different types of distortion of punishments. It also claims that the different institutions of punishments are essential for the integration of the society.
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