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NEUTRALITY - BUT WHAT KIND? THE UNITED STATES AND THE OUTBREAK OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR IN 1914 (IN THE LIGHT OF THE 'NEW YORK TIMES')

100%

Michalek K.

Dzieje Najnowsze

2004

issue 3

195-204

An analysis of the contents of articles published in the 'New York Times' in August 1914 considerably facilitates understanding the attitudes accepted by the American society and authorities during the first month of WW I. The views it presented strongly accentuated the national egoism of the Europeans, which led them to a state of war and which was contrasted with the mission of civilisation development, realised by the United States. Consequently, emphasis was placed on the necessity of accepting a neutral stand in order to protect the interests of the whole international community involved in wartime hostilities. The journal also depicted the benefits and losses stemming from neutrality. The former, which encompass such elements as the growth of American industry and the financial sector and, at the same time, the elimination of European trade competition from Latin America, clearly predominated. The latter were portrayed extremely vividly and upon occasions the journal resorted to outright cynical arguments. Formal neutrality was to be actually more pro-British than pro-German.By supporting neutrality towards the war in Europe, the 'New York Times' in August 1914 was just as reliable, both to its readers and the authorities, as three years later, when it spoke in favour of joining the same war.

HERBERT MARCUSE'S UTOPIANISM. THEORY OF REPRESSIVE AMERICAN SOCIETY AND THE ROLE OF AN INDIVIDUAL (Utopia Herberta Marcusego. Teoria represywnego spoleczenstwa amerykanskiego i rola jednostki)

80%

Pietrasz A.

Archeus. Studia z bioetyki i antropologii filozoficznej

2010

vol. 11

75-93

Herbert Marcuse was one of the most influential representatives of the Frankfurt School along with philosophers such as Theodor Adorno, Max Horkheimer, Erich Fromm and Jürgen Habermas. In 1934 he emigrated to the United States. By reinterpretation of some theories of Hegel, Marx, Heidegger and Freud, he was trying to create a complex philosophical system concerning the human being. Because of his critical approach to the Soviet variant of Marxism, he came into conflict with orthodox Marxists. He engaged also in polemics with some principles of capitalism, especially its American version. Marcuse introduced the term 'welfare state' describing a repressive system of government. He believed that an individual was able to stand up to it through determined action against its specific type of society. He also claimed that the contemporary society was totalitarian and - because of that - every member of it was in fact a 'one-dimensional man'. However, in his opinion, some revolutionary currents - especially the American 'New Left' - might be the remedy for the ensuing situation. Although in his declining years Marcuse had revised his views, he was criticized by Marxists as well as by some radical factions of the young counterculture until his death in 1979.

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1 Archeus. Studia z bioetyki i antropologii filozoficznej

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1 Michalek K.

1 Pietrasz A.

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NEUTRALITY - BUT WHAT KIND? THE UNITED STATES AND THE OUTBREAK OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR IN 1914 (IN THE LIGHT OF THE 'NEW YORK TIMES')

HERBERT MARCUSE'S UTOPIANISM. THEORY OF REPRESSIVE AMERICAN SOCIETY AND THE ROLE OF AN INDIVIDUAL (Utopia Herberta Marcusego. Teoria represywnego spoleczenstwa amerykanskiego i rola jednostki)