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OD DISKURZÍVNEHO KONŠTRUOVANIA LITERÁRNEHO REALIZMU K REALISTICKÉMU INTERDISKURZÍVNEMU KONŠTRUOVANIU REALITY

100%
Kendra M.
World Literature Studies
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2021
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vol. 13
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issue 4
131 - 141
EN
This study examines the internal complexity of Slovak literary realist discourse, which is explained in Slovak studies as the result of diverse relations to the heterogeneous artistic, cultural and ideological discourses of the last third of the 19th century. However, since realistic fiction forms a subsystem of art as a social system (Niklas Luhmann), attention is focused on communications with other social systems and corresponding stimuli, and on the specific (self-referential) literary operations (with their inevitable contingency) involved in the construction of a view of reality. In order to illustrate these communicative exchanges, the final section uses two short interpretations to give examples of different modes of the (literary-) realist interdiscursive construction of reality – voluntarist (in the fiction by Svetozár Hurban Vajanský) and deterministic (in the context of the short stories by Ladislav Nádaši).
2

SELF-ORGANIZATION, AUTOPOIESIS, FREE-ENERGY PRINCIPLE AND AUTONOMY

100%
Negru T.
Organon F. medzinárodný časopis pre analytickú filozofiu
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2018
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vol. 25
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issue 2
215 - 243
EN
The aim of this paper is to extend the discussion on the free-energy principle (FEP), from the predictive coding theory, which is an explanatory theory of the brain, to the problem of autonomy of self-organizing living systems. From the point of view of self-organization of living systems, FEP implies that biological organisms, due to the systemic coupling with the world, are characterized by an ongoing flow of exchanging information and energy with the environment, which has to be controlled in order to maintain the integrity of the organism. In terms of dynamical system theory, this means that living systems have a dynamic state space, which can be configured by the way they control the free-energy. In the process of controlling their free-energy and modelling of the state space, an important role is played by the anticipatory structures of the organisms, which would reduce the external surprises and adjust the behaviour of the organism by anticipating the changes in the environment. In this way, in the dynamic state space of a living system new behavioural patterns emerge enabling new degrees of freedom at the level of the whole. Thus, the author ś aim in this article is to explain how FEP, as a principle of self-organization of living system, contributes to the configuring of the state space of an organism and the emergence of new degrees of freedom, both important in the process of gaining and maintaining the autonomy of a living organism.
3

ON SOME ETHICAL ASPECTS OF RADICAL CONSTRUCTIVISM

88%
Mikulas R.
Slovak Review. A Review of World Literature Research
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2007
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vol. 16
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issue 2
18-34
EN
Radical constructivism pleads to be and makes itself legitimate mainly as an epistemological position which orients the scientific research towards inner consistency of cognitive performances, i.e. of human knowledge, and simultaneously has crucial implications for specific scientific disciplines. It is one of the elementary conditions of a potential discussion about the ethics of constructivism because according to the constructivist theories the individual is not able to make decision alone and freely, or in other words, one is not able to act 'rationally' as an individual. The radical constructivism postulates an anormative ethics which presupposes a question whether such an ethics can be pursued at all if its theoretical postulate itself implies a radical paradox as its existential principle, i.e. an ethics which 'per se' undermines the basic principle of philosophical ethics which is based on the establishment and legitimacy of norms. In the case of anormative ethics one can assume the principle of implicit normativeness which is based on the conception of autopoietic systems. The rejection of the dogma of truth, therefore, does not necessarily lead to the ethical disorientation or arbitrariness as it is associated with the postmodern. The ethical consequence rests on the assumption that the actively construing individual bears the responsibility for all cognitive performances because every quality of the cognitive system is a product of its structural dynamics.
4
Content available remote

Breathing new life into cognitive science

88%
Froese T.
Avant
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2011
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vol. 2
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issue 1
113–129 (pl: 95-111)
EN
Abstract In this article I take an unusual starting point from which to argue for a unified cognitive science, namely a position defined by what is sometimes called the ‘life-mind continuity thesis’. Accordingly, rather than taking a widely accepted starting point for granted and using it in order to propose answers to some well defined questions, I must first establish that the idea of life-mind continuity can amount to a proper starting point at all. To begin with, I therefore assess the conceptual tools which are available to construct a theory of mind on this basis. By drawing on insights from a variety of disciplines, especially from a combination of existential phenomenology and organism-centered biology, I argue that mind can indeed be conceived as rooted in life, but only if we accept at the same time that social interaction plays a constitutive role for our cognitive capacities.
5
Content available remote

THREE PRINCIPLES OF THE THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF NONLINEAR DYNAMIC SYSTEMS: AUTOPOIESIS, BECOMING AND AUTOKINETICS (Tri principy teoretickeho zakotvenia nelinearnych dynamickych systemov: autopoiesis, stavanie a autokineza)

75%
Schenk J.
Sociológia (Sociology)
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2011
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vol. 43
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issue 5
463-494
EN
Currently, sociology focuses on the issue of social dynamics. Various theories and methodologies of social dynamics developing within the paradigm of complexity are usually based upon one of the three basic principles: autopoiesis, becoming and autokinetics (autodynamics). These can be considered the basic principles with respect to the origin, functioning, and development of nonlinear dynamic systems in different areas. All three principles are therefore further developed and applied both on the general level of science and on the level of individual scientific disciplines, in this case sociology. In addition, these principles are applied in the research of social dynamics. The study presents basic knowledge of scientific concepts, namely autopoiesis (Maturana - Varela), becoming (Prigogine) and autokinetics (Cernik). At the same time, the author pays attention to their sociological versions (autopoiesis - Luhmann; becoming - Sztompka; autokinetics - Hirner). The text is a comparative analysis of both the vertical (coherence of general and sociological versions, possible modifications and innovations) and horizontal dimension (comparison of strenghts and weaknessess of individual concepts). Despite partial modifications, the analysis has shown substantial coherence between the general and the sociological versions of autopoiesis, becoming and autokinetics. Since sociological versions of autopoiesis and becoming suffer from serious conceptual restrictions (in the first case mainly from holism, in the second case from a type of hypostazing of the so-called third level of reality), autokinetics seems to be the optimal concept for the research of the dynamics of social systems. Nevertheless, this concept also requires further elaboration.
6

Socjalizacja i edukacja w teorii systemów autopojetycznych Niklasa Luhmanna

75%
Głażewski M.
Forum Socjologiczne
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2011
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vol. 2
141-166
EN
The subject of the article is the theory of autopoietic systems, developed by the German sociologist and pedagogue Niklas Luhmann, at present one of the most interesting and most bearing variants of the general theory of systems. Luhmann understands the society not as an assemblage of people, but as an operative closed process of communication. Such an attitude sometimes wakes controversies because of its radical functional-cybernetic character of the theory and the terms applied (e.g. a man as a non-trivial machine). Contemporarily, the theory of autopoietic systems has been developed and modified in form of specific applications for social analyses in sociology and pedagogics. In the article, the possibilities and ways of pedagogical working in such a specifically comprehended social reality are showed and discussed critically. The paper consists of five parts: Education as a kind of communication among autopoietic mental systems; Education and sociology; Code of education; Child as a medium of education; Technology of education.
7

THE STRUCTURE OF NIKLAS LUHMANN'S THEORY

63%
Brunczel B.
Tarsadalomkutatas (Social Science Research)
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2007
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vol. 25
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issue 3
297-320
EN
There are more factors that make especially difficult to understand Niklas Luhmann's theory of society, e.g. its extraordinarily abstract and at the same time unusual language, some theoretical decisions that are surprising in the light of sociological tradition and the complicated interdependence between the parts of his theory. All of these can imply the danger of misinterpretation. In his paper the author endeavours to give an interpretative framework that through exploring the structure of Luhmann's theory and through revealing the efforts for theory-constitution lying behind it contributes to the elimination of these difficulties.The assumption underlying this is that the strange and un-understandable points of his theory are strange and un-understandable only separately, but if we reveal the inherent interdependences of Luhmann's theory and the inducements of its elaboration then all of them will lose these unusual characters. In fact Luhmann's theoretical efforts and theory-constituting aims are those things that in consequence of their grandiosity and radicalism are unusual in the field of social sciences; and the real key to the resolution of strangeness and un-understandability is to understand these efforts and aims. The author is going to perform this task by means of exploring five questions, i.e. analyzing (1) Luhmann's theoretical aim, (2) the circularity of his theory, (3) the abstraction levels of his theory, (4) the explanative power of his theory and (5) his theory's relation to philosophy. His paper's aim is not to defend or to criticize this theory; he will leave the questions concerning its assessment unanswered. What he would like to reach is that we leave the right questions unanswered.
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