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Tajemství Ptahšepsesovy rodiny

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EN
Vizier Ptashshepses, son-in-law of King Nyuserre, was one of the most influential officials of the second half of the Fifth Dynasty. His life and remarkable career are attested not only by his very important titles, but also by his imposing mastaba, the largest and once the best decorated non-royal tomb in the Abusir cemetery. However, his origin, and also his family life seem to be shrouded in mystery. One of the secrets of the vizier’s family is the erased figure and name of his eldest son, Khafini. This article is dedicated to this and some other problems concerning the family of Vizier Ptahshepses.
EN
In 2020, the Czechoslovak and Czech excavations at Abusir celebrate their 60th anniversary. A presentation of Egyptological activities in temporary exhibitions and museum displays has become an essential follow-up of archaeological work. However, artefacts located in former Czechoslovakia and present Czech Republic have travelled from Egypt in several groups, being only in part directly connected to the excavation work. Nonetheless, all the artefacts have become a part of the public presentation of Egyptology and have a role in a more generalised interest in Egypt. The complex history of travelling artefacts is almost always intertwined with cultural, political, and social histories, and the Egyptian artefacts in Central Europe are no exception. Although the history of Egyptology is not limited and should not be reduced to its political aspect, artefacts have often played the role of being accessories to diplomacy, alongside their cultural message, aesthetic impact and prestige connected to their ownership. This paper outlines the complex corpus of Egyptian artefacts in the historical Czech lands, the history of exhibitions, and the role of excavations at Abusir in the long history of presenting Egypt to Czech audiences.
CS
V roce 2020 si česká i mezinárodní egyptologická veřejnost připomíná 60. výročí zahájení výkopových prací Českého (tehdy Československého) egyptologického ústavu Filozofické fakulty Univerzity Karlovy na lokalitě Abúsír. Nedílnou součástí práce několika generací českých egyptologů není jen výzkum lokality jako takové a vyhodnocení získaných poznatků, ale také prezentace a popularizace výzkumu v Abúsíru jakožto zásadního příspěvku pro studium starého Egypta širší veřejnosti jak doma, tak i ve světě v rámci vědecké spolupráce. Součástí této prezentace jsou výstavy staroegyptských památek, jimž je věnován tento příspěvek. Seznamování člověka s minulostí prostřednictvím artefaktů je dlouhodobě významným historickým fenoménem, a to nejen pro svůj studijní nebo estetický potenciál. Možnost setkat se s autentickými historickými předměty je výjimečná a nelze ji ničím nahradit, ačkoli výstavní metody a nové technologie ji dokážou například vhodným vizuálním doprovodem obohatit a ovlivnit tak prožitek návštěvníků. Pokud jde o cestující památky, které našly svůj domov v českých zemích, všechny jsou spojeny s kulturními, hospodářskými i politickými dějinami Egypta a Evropy. Existují dvě velké skupiny egyptských artefaktů: ty, které předcházejí, a ty, které následují český/československý vstup mezi archeologické expedice působící v Egyptě. V jejich rámci se setkáváme se sbírkami kosmopolitních mecenášů i se sbírkami, které se dostaly na české území jako výsledek jednání kulturní diplomacie. S ní souvisí i dohody o archeologické činnosti na území Egypta, v nichž hraje Abúsír nezastupitelnou roli. Celé spektrum je zde představeno v kontextu sběratelství, kulturní politiky i okouzlení Egyptem.
EN
The assemblages of vertebrate microfauna gained from the owl's pellets can tell us not only about the composition of the owl's diet, but also about the composition of the surrounding environment. Our remains came from the Old Kingdom mastaba (AC 29) located in the Abusir necropolis (Egypt); they were unearthed during the spring season of 2013 from the bottom of a burial shaft and an adjacent burial chamber. The tomb was robbed and partially destroyed during the First Millennium B.C. - it seems that niches in the shaft and the burial chamber were used as a nesting place by owls in this period until the shaft was filled by desert sand again. Fortunately, several owls' pellets were uncovered in a good state of preservation and can be determined as belonging to the Common Barn-owl (Tyto alba). The dominant part of the assemblage ( ca 2/3 of individuals) was formed by small and medium-sized rodents (mainly the House Rat and House Mouse, occasionally also gerbils and the Three-toed Jerboa). A substantial part of the assemblage was also made by the white-toothed shrews (18.32 %) and frogs (10.79 %). A small amount of small birds (singing birds and quails) and sporadic finds of beetles, bats or snake were also recorded. The species composition reflects an environment strongly influenced by human occupation, with an admixture of species of semi-deserts/deserts, species of grassland/fields and species of river banks/shallow waters. Compared to a recent assemblage of the barn-owl pellets, the species composition of the older diet is more diverse, with the occurrence of poorly known species, and reflecting changes in the surrounding environment.
EN
This article presents a preliminary report on the first results of the interdisciplinary project Early copper metallurgy in Ancient Egypt- a case study of the material from Agyptisches Museum - Georg Steindorff - der Universitat Leipzig, in cooperation of the Czech Institute of Egyptology, Faculty of Arts, Charles University in Prague, Institute of Chemistry and Technology in Prague and the Egyptian Museum in Leipzig. The project is focused on the analysis of a selected corpus of artefacts from ancient Egyptian and Nubian sites (fig. 1 ). The analysed material was found in greatest part at the Egyptian sites of Abusir, Abydos and Giza and at the Nubian site of Aniba (fig. 2). The artefacts represent an outline of the development of ancient Egyptian metallurgy over more than one and half millennia, from the First Dynasty (ca 3100 - 2900 BC) until almost the end of the New Kingdom (ca 1200 BC). The selected corpus of artefacts has been documented by X-ray radiography and computer tomography last year at the Institute of Mineralogy, Crystallography and Material Science of the Leipzig University. In all, 86 artefacts were then sampled and almost 100 samples obtained. The results of a metallography and SEMIEDS analysis of five selected artefacts, representing five different chronological stages of the corpus, are discussed in this article (Table 1 ). The first one is a Dynasty 1 vessel from Abusir South (AMUL 2162; Fig. 3). This bowl was hammered out of copper sheet, with high contents of Ni, As and Fe. Non-metallic admixtures of copper sulfides are present in the inner structure, which is highly deformed by the hammering. The second is an Old Kingdom vessel from Giza made of arsenical copper, hammered and annealed (AMUL 2169; Figs. 4-5). The third is a lugged and decorated Middle Kingdom axe blade, hammered and annealed and made of copper with admixtures of As, Fe and S (AMUL 3952; Fig. 6). The fourth is a pair of tweezers from a C-Group tumulus N83 at Aniba, which was made by the cold hammering of arsenical copper, but with rather surprising amount (1 .0%) of tin (AMUL 4647; Figs. 7-8). The fifth is the middle part of an early Dynasty 18 dagger cast from a tin bronze alloy (AMUL 2153; Figs. 9- 1 0). A poster with the analysis of the XRF results was presented at the 41st International Symposium on Archaeometry at Kalamata (Greece) and received honorable mention from The Society for Archaeological Sciences in the Best Student Poster competition (Kmosek - Odler et a/. 2016). All samples will be submitted to neutron activation analysis, and the selected corpus will be also analysed for lead isotope ratios.
EN
During the spring season of 2017, the study of the texts and relief decoration in the large Late Period shaft tombs of Iufaa and Menekhibnekau in the western part of the Abusir necropolis continued. The final publication of the texts from the tomb of Menekhibnekau is planned to appear in 2018. At the same time, the superstructure of another large shaft tomb, dubbed AW 6 and situated to the north-east of the structure of Udjahorresnet, was completely excavated. Originally, it consisted of an enclosure measuring about 19.5 metres square and surrounding a huge central shaft (about 14 m2). On the numerous limestone fragments, no traces of inscriptions or relief decoration have been preserved. A limestone base (originally serving perhaps for a stela) was found in its original position in front of the northern facade of the enclosure; similar bases were unearthed in the centres of the remaining three sides of the original enclosure in 2015. Therefore, the tomb might have been used for the burial of its – as yet anonymous – owner. In the close vicinity of the original enclosure, no traces of a small shaft were found that would give access to the burial chamber situated at the bottom of the huge central shaft. Rather surprisingly, however, another shaft (measuring 5.5 m2) came to light close to the southwestern corner of the enclosure. Judging from its position, it might be either another embalmers’ cache or, more probably perhaps, the burial place of a family member (?) of the owner of AW 6.
EN
The present study deals with textual tradition and transmission in the Late Period, focusing on selected spells from the Coffin Texts from the shaft tomb of the priest Iufaa at Abusir. Changes in the orthography, palaeography, grammar and content of the texts between the Middle Kingdom (or sometimes even the Old Kingdom) and the Late Period indicate that the priests and scribes of the Late Period, who read and copied these texts, understood them and were able to modify the parts that were unintelligible to them or no longer in keeping with their world view and change them e.g. to comply with contemporary religious concepts. This does not, however, mean that the Late Period copyists were immune to misinterpretation and error. Since many spells found in Iufaa's tomb are not preserved elsewhere in the Late Period and sometimes exist in highly fragmentary versions from the Middle Kingdom, analyses of Iufaa's versions of these texts significantly contribute to the existing translations and interpretations of some Coffin Texts spells.
EN
The Abusir papyrus archives are among the most important discoveries achieved by the Czech Institute of Egyptology FA CU during its six decades of exploration of the necropolis. A small part of these archives is comprised of royal decrees, issued mostly by King Djedkare in the late Fifth Dynasty, which granted access to offerings to named individuals. It is not entirely clear whether these offerings were intended for the cults of deceased officials or for the attendants of the pyramid complex and the king’s funerary cult. The long rule of King Djedkare allows us, however, to discuss the royal scribes who may have been involved in writing these documents in the royal chancery. The titles of Djedkare’s high dignitaries indicate a close connection to the king’s documents and decrees, but the individual scribes who wrote down his decisions can hardly be identified today
CS
Abúsírské papyrové archivy patří k nejvýznamnějším objevům Českého egyptologického ústavu FF UK učiněným během jeho šedesátiletého výzkumu tohoto pohřebiště. Malou část těchto archivů tvoří královské dekrety, z nichž většinu vydal král Džedkare v závěru 5. dynastie a jež zajišťovaly jmenovaným jednotlivcům přístup k obětinám. Není zcela zřejmé, zda byly tyto obětiny určeny pro zádušní kulty zemřelých hodnostářů, anebo pro zaměstnance pyramidového komplexu pečující o králův zádušní kult. Dlouhá Džedkareova vláda nám dává možnost prozkoumat doklady o královských písařích, kteří mohli být přítomni sepsání takových dokumentů v královské kanceláři. Tituly některých Džedkareových vysoce postavených hodnostářů naznačují jejich úzké spojení s vydáváním královských dokumentů a dekretů, avšak zjistit, který jednotlivý písař tato rozhodnutí zapsal, dnes možné není.
EN
The aim of this article is to present the textile production in ancient Egypt. This material figured prominently in all aspects of life of the Egyptians. Information about it derives from the fabrics themselves and from the representation on tomb-paintings and models of workshops. In the first part, the author points to different uses of textile as documented in archaeological finds. Besides the clothes it was plentifully needed in the households, for funeral use, in religion and it has also its economical function. The second part deals with the technology of production of textile. The most common raw material for production was flax, but infrequently other plant or animal materials were also used. The prepared flax yarns had to be spun and iconographical sources show that there were several ways in which this activity was carried out. Special attention is paid to weaving. Findings indicate that in ancient Egypt two types of looms were known – horizontal and vertical. The extent of use of both of these types has been discussed by researchers for a long time. The finished products could be decorated in a variety of ways, the article presents especially those that are used on material from Abusir. Finally, various archaeological contexts of Abusir textile finds are outlined along with the functions of this material. Examples of some most interesting textile finds are also presented. Due to the character of the site, they are dated to the Third and First Millennium BC.
CS
Cílem tohoto článku je na základě archeologických i ikonografických pramenů představit textilní produkci ve starověkém Egyptě. Látky a výrobky z nich představovaly totiž velmi důležitou komoditu provázející každodenní život člověka. První část se zaměřuje na různé použití textilu, tak jak ho dokumentují archeologické nálezy, kromě odívání byl totiž textil přirozeně hojně využíván v domácnosti, pro funerální potřeby, v náboženství, měl také svou ekonomickou funkci. Druhá část pojednává o technologii výroby tkanin a textilních produktů. Nejběžnější surovinou pro výrobu byl len, ale vzácněji se používaly také jiné rostlinné či živočišné materiály. Připravená lněná vlákna bylo nutné upříst, ikonografické prameny ukazují, že existovalo několik způsobů, jakými byla tato činnost prováděna. Zvláštní pozornost je věnována tkaní. Nálezy naznačují, že ve starověkém Egyptě byly známy dva druhy tkalcovských stavů – horizontální a vertikální. Rozsah používání obou těchto typů je badateli dlouho diskutován, nejasná je zejména otázka, kdy a za jakých podmínek začal být používán vertikální stav. Hotový textilní výrobek mohl být zdoben nejrůznějšími způsoby, článek představuje zvláště ty, které se objevují na abúsírských nálezech. Závěrem jsou zmíněny různé archeologické kontexty, ze kterých pochází tkaniny z královské nekropole v Abúsíru, a zároveň jsou uvedeny příklady těch nejzajímavějších zdejších látek, datovaných, vzhledem k charakteru lokality, do 3. a 1. tisíciletí př. Kr.
EN
This study deals with the annotated version of the text known as König als Sonnenpriester inscribed on the arch of the eastern wall of the burial chamber of Iufaa. Like most of the decoration that covers the walls of Iufaa’s burial chamber and sarcophagi, the composition focuses primarily on his knowledge of cosmological, underworld or otherwise secret and mysterious phenomena and beings. The most interesting aspect of the composition analysed here is the way it interconnects writing with iconography, i.e. the text, the associated vignettes, and above all the way these are treated in terms of real and sacred space. The scene of the resurrection of the sun is located in the centre of the arch of the eastern wall of the burial chamber, and the columns of inscriptions around it partially create an image of the hieroglyphic sign for “horizon” (akhet). Immediately under the scene there is a square niche reminiscent of a closed window, the placement, dimensions and shape of which reflect those of the entrance opening for the mummy located in the opposite, western wall. The “window” thus symbolically connects the ideas of the rising of the sun from the gate of the eastern horizon, the flying out of the god Khepri from the ball of dung and from between the legs of the sky goddess, and the resulting appearance of the sun god in glory and divine might. Therefore, this square opening in the eastern wall of Iufaa’s burial chamber can be linked with with the so-called windows of appearance, through which the king or god appeared to the people as someone rising in glory to illuminate the world.
CS
Studie se zabývá komentovanou verzí textu známého jako König als Sonnenpriester, která je zapsána v oblouku východní stěny pohřební komory kněze Iufay. Podobně jako většina výzdoby stěn Iufaovy pohřební komory a sarkofágů se i tato kompozice zabývá především jeho znalostmi kosmologických, podsvětních či jinak tajných jevů a bytostí. Nejzajímavějším aspektem zde analyzované kompozice je způsob, jakým spojuje písmo a ikonografii (tedy text a na něj navazující viněty), a především to, jak jsou písmo i viněty zasazeny do skutečného a posvátného prostoru. Scéna znovuzrození slunečního boha se nachází uprostřed oblouku východní stěny a sloupce hieroglyfů kolem ní částečně vytvářejí představu znaku pro „obzor“ (achet). Bezprostředně pod scénou se nachází čtvercový výklenek připomínající zazděné okno. Jeho umístění, rozměry a tvar odpovídají oknu v protější, západní stěně, jímž byla do hrobky vpravena mumie. Výklenek tak symbolicky propojuje představu slunce vycházejícího z brány ve východním obzoru, vylétání boha Cheprera z kuličky hnoje a z rodidel nebeské bohyně a výsledný východ slunce v záři a božské moci. Tento čtvercový průchod ve východní stěně Iufaovy pohřební komory je tedy možno spojit s takzvanými okny zjevování, jimiž se král či bůh zjevoval lidem jako někdo, kdo vychází v záři, aby rozjasnil svět.
EN
Professor Zbyněk Žába laid, through his scholarly and organizational activities at the end of the 1950s and during the 1960s, the foundations for today’s success of the Czech Egyptology. In addition to extensive archaeological rescue operations in Lower Nubia, he intensely devoted his attention to the archaeological excavation of the mastaba of vizier Ptahshepses built in the central part of the Abusir necropolis (1960–1970). Despite the fact that Žába was a philologist, he tried to use up-to-date archaeological methods in his work. The unearthing of Ptahshepses’ tomb became Žába’s most important achievement in the field of Egyptian archaeology.
EN
The study contains a translation and analysis of a hitherto unknown protective spell from the sarcophagus lid in the shaft tomb of Menekhibnekau, which has a single known parallel as yet, located on the eastern exterior wall of the outer sarcophagus of Iufaa, with three columns extending onto the southern wall. The major part of the spell places the deceased under the protection of the goddess Isis, but the powerful seven “knots” or “utterances” of the creatrix goddess are invoked as well. The final part of the spell contains a short curse aimed at potential tomb robbers, which is rather unusual in terms of both its placement and time of use: such texts were much more usual in far earlier times of Egyptian history.
CS
Studie obsahuje překlad a analýzu ochranného kouzla z víka sarkofágu v šachtové hrobce generála Menechibnekona. Jeho jediná dochovaná paralela se nachází na východní stěně vnějšího sarkofágu kněze Iufay, tři sloupce „přetékají“ na stěnu jižní. Hlavní část textu umísťuje zesnulého pod ochranu bohyně Esety, ale je zde vzýváno i sedm mocných „uzlů“ či „výroků“ stvořitelské bohyně. Text zakončuje krátká kletba namířená proti potenciálním vykradačům hrobek. Tato kletba je neobvyklá jak svým umístěním, tak obdobím, v němž byla zaznamenána, neboť s podobnými kletbami se obvykle setkáváme v mnohem dřívějších dobách egyptských dějin.
EN
Zbyněk Žába’s (1917–1971) anniversary reminds us of several decades of history of Czechoslovak Egyptology which was tied very closely to individual scholarly biographies and only relatively recently obtained an institutional history. Aspects of the life of Žába, who was sometimes viewed as a controversial figure, are set against the backdrop of coeval events. The contribution highlights some paradoxes inherent to a work of an international scholar tied to a country on the Soviet side of the Iron curtain, including his attempts to balance the requirements of a national institutional scholarship and the inherently international character of his discipline. The foundations for the Czechoslovak Institute of Egyptology were laid successfully in the complex period of the late 1950s.
EN
The burial chamber decoration of the shaft tomb of Iufaa at Abu sir (dated to the turn of the 261hf271h Dynasties) is exceptional with regards to both its extent and the featured topics. All walls of the chamber as well as the outer and inner sarcophagi are covered by excerpts from the Pyramid Texts, Coffin Texts, Book of the Dead and other ritual or liturgical texts. Some of the spells and their illustrations have not been identified yet, others are exceptional or rare (e.g. the image of the Uroboros, or the god Tutu). The westem wall and a part of the northern wall of the burial chamber contain a number of representations of snakes and snake-like creatures as well as texts pertaining to them. According to the texts, these snakes represent divine or demonic beings of the deepest levels of the underworld, and of the beginning of time. In this paper, we present the western wall of the burial chamber of the tomb of Iufaa with six identified serpentine beings and Tutu and Mehen on the opposite, eastern wall with an interpretation of this unique textual corpus which connects underworld phenomena with the terrestrial cult and emphasizes the aspect of secret knowledge.
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