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EN
Old Kiev Orthodox chant was developing in cathedral and monastery centres. It is based on eight church (modal) modes and its well-known centre of development was Kiev Pechersk Lavra (the Kiev Monastery of the Caves). The chant has the elements of Byzantine, Bulgarian and local eastern orthodox church melodies. Among the names of the precursors of this chant are: St. Theodosius of Kiev (Theodosius of the Caves) and monks: St. Stephen and St. George have to be mentioned. The oldest divine services based on Kiev melodies are "Służby Boże" in praise of St. Boris and Gleb, St. Olga of Kiev and St. Vladimir the Great. Old-Kiev chants were noted with the use of special notation called the Stolp notation (which uses Kryuki). In later period the chant was fostered in so called "brackie schools" in second half of 16th c. The "kijewskoje znamia" or mensular notations, similar to western notation were then introduced. On the basis of the Kiev chant the polyphonic style was created under the name of Partesny singing. It has been competing with the Roman-Catholich Church singing since the second half of the 17th c. Starting from the second half of the 17th c. The singing is taken to Moscow ground and later to Petersburg by singers and conductors going there from Kiev lands. The Partesny singing was composed mostly in Kiev-Mohyla Academy basing on "A grammar of musical song" (Грамматика муcикийского пения) by Nikolay Diletsky. Kiev Eastern Orthodox Church chant – monodic and polyphonic – remains one of the basic types of liturgical singing of Eastern Orthodox Church and, by its beauty and profound dignity, has always captivated and captivates still the attention of the believers.
EN
The article deals with the problem of Jewish refugees during the First World War. It refers to the attitudes of the Jews of Bukovina in the early days of the war, living conditions and survival strategies, which fell refugees from Bukovina. Based on documents and family histories author reproduced the conditions of social adaptation of the Jewish community of Bukovina and government efforts to normalize the living conditions of refugees in the territory of the monarchy.
EN
The purpose of the study is to assess the search for mainstreaming climate change adaptation into regional planning of least developed countries (LDCs) and draw strategy implications for regions in Bangladesh. The findings of the study revealed that national adaptation programme of action (NAPAs) in least developed countries were being gender-blind and failed to be properly implemented. Least developed countries should therefore do more to prepare for ongoing and future climate changes focusing on actions that are no-regrets, multi-sectoral and multi-level, and that improve the management of current climate variability. Strengthening capacities to use climate information, enabling locally appropriate responses, screening climate risks, assessing risks and adaptation options, starting with existing policies and plans, broadening constituencies beyond environment agencies, managing strategy conflicts, learning from projects and recognizing their limitations, monitoring and learning are the foreseen strategic actions by regions in Bangladesh for effective mainstreaming of climate change adaptation into regional development planning in the years to come.
EN
General warming and extreme weather events associated with climate change are expected to negatively impact water utilities. Water utilities will need to adapt to continue providing safe drinking water and wastewater services. In 2012, the Canadian Water and Wastewater Association (CWWA) conducted a survey of 53 water utility officials to understand the expert perceptions of climate change risks and preparedness of Canadian utilities for current and future impacts. Results indicated that there is low awareness among water utility officials (30%) of thepossible impacts of climate change on water utilities, and more than half have not conducted climate change vulnerability assessments (65%) and do not have operational plans to address climate change impacts (56%). Officials from smaller utilities, which are considered to be more vulnerable to impacts, were of those less aware of these risks and reported taking fewer preparedness activities. Efforts to prepare water utilities for climate change impacts in Canada would benefit from education of utility officials about possible climate change risks, encouraging assessments of vulnerabilities, and increased training with new adaptation tools and resources.
EN
Mitigation and adaptation are the main strategies to address climate change. Both of them are interrelated instruments and key elements of an integral approach to tackle the phenomenon. This interrelation is particularly strong in the land use sector, an area in which practically any policy has a significant effect on the goals of both strategies. Yet, in practice, mitigation and adaptation are treated as two different instruments. A poor understanding about the interactions between the mentioned strategies remains as a barrier to implement the integrated approach. To contribute to fill-in this knowledge gap, a hypothetical ecologic-economic system simulated under deep uncertainty was used to test environmental and welfare implications of different policy configurations. Taking the unregulated economy as a benchmark, the outcomes of the mentioned interventions were classified as synergies or different forms of trade-offs. Results indicate that measures based on internalization of externalities overcame monetary compensation schemes. Moreover, when externalities were corrected, synergies were more frequent and associated to higher environmental and welfare gains. Furthermore, the policy configuration that exhibited best synergic properties was an intervention integrating mitigation and adaptation measures. This indicates that synergies may be more accessible than previously considered, however, current policy approach and incentives may not be the best tools to trigger them.
EN
The paper presents chosen scientific theories regarding the adaptation of parents of children with disabilities to critical situations. Most of the evoked theories originate from the ABCX Model, invented by Reuben Hill in 1949. One of the paper's conclusions is that there is no universal theory which fully explains process of parents' adaptation to the situation in which they have to face with disability of their child. Moreover in future research there should be a focus on variables which mediate and moderate the association between child's disability and parents' adjustment and adaptation to crisis.
Gender Studies
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2013
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vol. 12
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issue 1
230-245
EN
My paper examines Lorca’s Yerma and Carter’s A Yearning and the transposition of the work from a regressive agricultural Andalusia into a traditional urban British-Asian Punjabi community. Though written in different periods and cultures, the two plays illustrate that discrimination and domestic entrapment of women have prevailed. The heroines’ inability to fulfil their socially required roles, to procreate, condemns them to seclusion and desperation with a violent outcome
EN
What happens when people of different cultures, values, religion live together? Sociological studies on immigrative phenomenon often swing between immigration and integration policies. These policies actually reveal the difficulty of the host society to institutionalize new models of social differences accompanying multiculturalism. Immigrants who “arrive” continue their life in a place where they do not passively participate in the passing of time, but become actors. Pressed by the hegemonic culture of the host society to adapt, do not cease to practice their religious and origin cultural expressions, often in conditions of urban spatial and social marginalization, they resist assimilation with ethnic persistence strategies. Considering the impact of religion and origin cultural values on expression of differences, it is important to consider their role in the integration process. And, above all-facilitate or hinder integration? These dynamics have been analyzed in a research study on immigrants’ integration process in Palermo. The main results are presented in this paper. In this case study, the research’s data hypothesizes a theoretical model of integration in which immigrants, free to express their religious and cultural differences, tend to reduce their perception of minority
EN
Dahsha [Bewilderment] is an Egyptian TV series written by scriptwriter Abdelrahim Kamal and adapted from Shakespeare’s King Lear. The TV drama locates Al Basel Hamad Al Basha, Lear’s counterpart, in Upper Egypt and follows a localized version of the king’s tragedy starting from the division of his lands between his two wicked daughters and the disinheritance of his sincere daughter till his downfall. This study examines the relationship between Dahsha and King Lear and investigates the position of the Bard when contextualized in other cultures, revisited in other locales, and retold in other languages. It raises many questions about Shakespeare’s proximity to the transcultural/transnational adaptations of his plays. Does Shakespeare’s discourse limit the interpretation of the adapted works or does it promote intercultural conversations between the varying worldviews? Where is the Bard positioned when contextualized in other cultures, revisited in other locales, and retold in other languages? Does he stand in the center or at the margin? The study attempts to answer these questions and to read the Egyptian localization of King Lear as an independent work that transposes Shakespeare from a central dominant element into a periphery that remains visible in the background of the Upper Egyptian drama.
PL
Problematyka badawcza artykułu skupia się na obserwacji zmian zachodzących w sferze gospodarczej wybranych wielkich miast oraz ich otoczenia. Celem artykułu jest porównanie procesów zmian w strukturze gospodarczej wybranego miasta do procesów zmian w strukturze gospodarczej najbliższego otoczenia, na przykładzie czterech wybranych obszarów. W pierwszej części analizy przebadano proces adaptacji struktur podmiotów gospodarczych stworzonych na podstawie sekcji PKD 2007. W drugiej części analizy przeprowadzono badanie struktur podmiotów gospodarczych nowych sektorów gospodarki, wyodrębnioną na podstawie działów sekcji J, K i M. W opracowaniu zastosowano metody badania struktur, uwzględniające intensywność, szybkość i monotoniczność zachodzenia zmian w okresie od 2009 r. do 2015 r.
EN
Changes in the economic structure are the result of the adaptive changes of individual companies and entire industries. The aim of the paper is to compare the processes of change in the economic structure of the city to the processes of change in the economic structure of its immediate surroundings. The study used methods of testing structures, taking into account the intensity, the speed and the monotonicity of changes during the period 2009-2015. In the first part of the paper are information about the process of adapting economic, the legitimacy of considering the territory of the city along with neighboring areas. Then the article focuses on the interpretation of the analysis’s results and the comparison of adaptation processes in the cities and in the vicinity. These results concern the structure of companies by section by NACE rev. 1.2 and by division of sections J, K and M representing the new sectors of the economy. The study selected 14 districts included in the four areas.
PL
Rozwój nowych form transportu i technologii komunikacji oraz postępująca integracja gospodarcza sprawiają, że zdaniem wielu autorów dystans przestaje być istotną kategorią w opisie umiędzynarodowienia przedsiębiorstw. To przekonanie jest jednak podważane przez wyniki badań empirycznych. Zjawiskiem słabo rozpoznanym w istniejącym dorobku jest niedoszacowanie dystansu w przypadku rynków uchodzących za podobne. W tym kontekście celem niniejszego badania jest analiza determinant wyników polskich eksporterów na rynku niemieckim, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem postrzeganego przez menedżerów dystansu, adaptacji strategii, jak również zgromadzonej wiedzy. Autorzy stawiają ponadto tezę, że relacje te zależą od intensywność technologicznej branży.
EN
The development of new forms of transport and communication technology and progressive economic integration mean that many writers and practitioners believe that distance is no longer a relevant category in the description of the internationalization of business. But this conviction is undermined by the results of empirical research. Thus, a phenomenon that is poorly recognized in the existing acquis is the underestimation of distance in the case of outward markets. In this context, the purpose of this study is to analyze the determinants of the performance of Polish exporters on the German market, with particular regard to distance managers’ perceptions, adaptation strategies, and accumulated knowledge. The authors also point out that these relationships depend on the technological intensity of the industry. The study is based on the results of a survey conducted within an ongoing grant of the National Science Center.
EN
 This is an overall review of little-knownpart of artistic creation of Kornel Filipowicz(1913–1990), writer of short stories, novels,scenarios, but also a poet. This reassessment isbased on his scenarios, which were created incollaboration with the film director StanisławRóżewicz and his brother, the poet Tadeusz.Informal company formed jointly created tenscenarios completed, Filipowicz participatedin the implementation of five titles. The textsdiscussed in the article mark the major stagesin the development of Filipowicz’s writingtechnique, illustrate his imaginative use ofvarious points of view and of various genresin the construction of film story, and exemplifythe wide range of his themes and interests.The article draws also the unpublished screenplaywritten by Kornel Filipowicz andStanisław Różewicz Sunset.
PL
Reflections on the surface of the lampshade. The film works of Kornel FilipowiczThis is an overall review of little-knownpart of artistic creation of Kornel Filipowicz(1913–1990), writer of short stories, novels,scenarios, but also a poet. This reassessment isbased on his scenarios, which were created incollaboration with the film director StanisławRóżewicz and his brother, the poet Tadeusz.Informal company formed jointly created tenscenarios completed, Filipowicz participatedin the implementation of five titles. The textsdiscussed in the article mark the major stagesin the development of Filipowicz’s writingtechnique, illustrate his imaginative use ofvarious points of view and of various genresin the construction of film story, and exemplifythe wide range of his themes and interests.The article draws also the unpublished screenplaywritten by Kornel Filipowicz andStanisław Różewicz Sunset.
EN
The article discusses various literary representations of Penelope who is stereo-typically perceived as a faithful wife who misses her husband while he is away. The author analysed Polish and English literature of the 20th century. Many adaptations and reinterpretations of the myth of Odysseus and Penelope prove that this story is deeply rooted in culture, but it has also been variously transformed. Penelope is still the wife who misses her husband, but the recent interpretations of the story highlight her independence, inner strength and, as a result, the transformation of the myth into her story.
DE
Der Artikel widmet sich dem literarischen Bild der Penelope, die klischeehaft als treue und sehnsüchtige Ehefrau wahrgenommen wird. Die Analyse umfasst die polnische und englischsprachige Literatur des 20. Jahrhunderts. Die Adaptionen des Mythos und seine Neuinterpretationen zeigen die Kraft der Geschichte von Odysseus und Penelope, aber auch den starken Wandel in der Wahrnehmung und Interpretation der Heldin. Sie ist immer noch eine Ehefrau, die sich nach ihrem Mann sehnt, aber neue Interpretationen der Geschichte betonen mehr und mehr Penelopes Unabhängigkeit, ihre innere Stärke, und damit die Verwandlung des Mythos in Ihre Geschichte (her story).
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest literackim wizerunkom Penelopy, która stereotypowo postrzegana jest jako wierna i tęskniąca żona. Analiza obejmuje literaturę polską i anglojęzyczną wieku XX. Adaptacje mitu i jego reinterpretacje dowodzą siły oddziaływania historii Odyseusza i Penelopy, ale również silnej transformacji w postrzeganiu i interpretowaniu bohaterki. Jest wciąż żoną, która tęskni za mężem, ale nowe interpretacje tej historii uwypuklają coraz chętniej niezależność Penelopy, jej wewnętrzną siłę, a zatem przeobrażenie się mitu w her story.
PL
Narastająca niepewność powoduje konieczność wypracowania nowych wzorców i metod zarządzania, aby sprostać odmiennym jakościowo, coraz szybciej zmieniającym się wyzwaniom rynkowym. Realizacja projektów, w tym projektów logistycznych, stała się istotnym elementem działań zarówno każdego przedsiębiorstwa, jak i łańcuchów dostaw. Ranga podejmowanych przedsięwzięć o innowacyjnym oraz niepowtarzalnym charakterze, generowanie nowych rozwiązań i pomysłów realizowanych w formie projektów, są doskonałym odzwierciedleniem adaptacyjności przedsiębiorstw w kierunku przeobrażeń zachodzących w otoczeniu. Ze względu na niepowtarzalność tych przedsięwzięć logistyk może mieć za każdym razem problem z radzeniem sobie w nowych warunkach. W artykule przedstawiono istotę zmian w kierunku zarządzania projektami logistycznymi, będącego szczególnym rodzajem działań adaptacyjnych przedsiębiorstw. Odniesiono się do roli znaczenia logistyki w naukach o zarządzaniu. Scharakteryzowano podstawowe cechy projektów logistycznych. Zaprezentowano przykład realizacji przewozu ładunków ponadnormatywnych, będącego specyficznym rodzajem projektu logistycznego.
EN
The article presents the essence of the changes in the management of logistics projects which are a special kind of enterprise adaptation capabilities. The paper identifies key factors that need to be taken under consideration when planning such projects. The authors presents logistics services as a special kind of logistics projects – transportation of non-standard cargos. The services are the application of competences by one entity for the benefit of another. These logistics services are a unique subset of industrial services. These kind of services span the boundaries between suppliers and customers and have become increasingly important to successful supply chain operations.
EN
The paper focuses on Lamy’s reflections on literary fiction and theatre as displayed in his Nouvelles réflexions sur l’art poétique (1678). Bernard Lamy (1640–1715) was a prolific writer, a major Augustinian thinker and a member of the French Oratory. Today, he is mostly known for his La rhétorique ou l’Art de parler (1st edition dates back to 1675), and his numerous works continue to elicit contributions from specialists on rhetoric and literary fiction. Lamy’s reflections on literature, theatre and aesthetics are based on rigorous moral and religious grounds, hence his overriding aim to dismantle and deconstruct the core of what some continue to call the “classical doctrine”. Lamy systematically treats topics such as embellishment, respect for the unities (time, place, action), paradoxes of aesthetical pleasure, verisimilitude, morality of literary and theatrical fiction, etc., all to demonstrate their radical incompatibility with the principles and values of an exemplary pious person. Lamy’s rigorist moral and religious views might well seem shocking to a modern reader, but we aim to show that his analysis of various creative strategies (especially intricacies of rhetorical adaptation and procedures of arousing an emotional/intellectual response) has a great potential to enrich our understanding of early modern fiction and theatre.
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