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EN
History and Symbols: Lithuanian and Central European Cinema of the 1960s   The text discusses the most creative period in Lithuanian cinema, the 1960s. This analysis is an attempt to frame the artistic and thematic changes in Lithuanian cinema within the context of the changes that occurred in Central Europe cinema during the 1960s. Showing that the cinematic influence of the neighbouring countries of Central Europe was sufficiently strong allows us to show the exceptional nature of Lithuanian cinema in the context of the policies towards the arts in the Soviet Union.
EN
The article presents censorship reviews of "Memoirs Found in a Bathtub" by Stanisław Lem written in censorship offices in Cracow and Warsaw. As a result of the reservations expressed by censors, the author added a new preface to the novel which was accepted for the publication of the book without further interference. Numerous censorship documents dealing only with one novel clarify the circumstances of writing the foreword and also provide some insight to the censors’ way of thinking, illustrate the most important control mechanisms and present formal evaluation criteria – both politically-ideological and aesthetic. The censors evaluating Lem ’s novel do not intend to go through the interpretative labyrinth of "Memoirs…"; they insist on author’s unambiguous comments which would allow to neutralise political vagueness by the 'appropriate' orientation of the novel. When accepting the new preface they seem to omit (yet it is not certain to what extant the omission is deliberate) the fact that the added foreword is another layer of the novel’s fiction and is not a meta-comment which could be considered as the voice of the author.
PL
Twórczość literacka Antoniego Goreckiego sprowadza się w zasadniczej mierze do tzw. literatury okolicznościowej. Poeta wielokrotnie, przy użyciu pióra, komentował aktualne wydarzenia polityczne i społeczne. Ze szczególnym upodobaniem pisywał bajki polityczne, które przysporzyły mu największej popularności. Gatunek ten, poprzez częste wykorzystywanie tzw. języka ezopowego, stwarzał możliwość przemycania niewygodnych dla caratu treści. Nie zawsze jednak udawało się poecie uniknąć konfliktu z cenzurą, w wyniku czego znalazł się nawet w więzieniu. Co znamienne, twórczość Goreckiego była cenzurowana nawet po jego śmierci, na co przykłady odnajdujemy w lipskich wydaniach zbiorowych Pism z roku 1877 i 1886.
EN
Literary work of Antoni Gorecki essentially resembles so-called occasional literature. The poet repeatedly made comments about the current political and social events by the use of a pen. He wrote political fables which were his real predilection and brought him the most popularity. This genre, by the frequent use of the so-called Aesopian language, created the opportunity to smuggle content inconvenient for the tsarism. Not always, however, did the poet manage to avoid a conflict with the censorship. As a result, he was even imprisoned. Significantly, Gorecki’s work was censored even after his death, as the examples can be found in the Writings of Leipzig collected editions of 1877 and 1886.
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