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EN
Throughout the centuries the legal situation of aliens was regulated in diverse ways. In the beginning, at the time when a state as a sovereign decided who may enter its territory, it was controlled by internal law. Circumstances in which the possibility to legalize residence in foreign territory was allowed evolved very slowly in time. The first human rights treaties provided for creation of a new paradigm in which states are no longer allowed to unencumbered decision making with respect to aliens. Poland’s EU accession in May 2004 was a cause for the increase of economic migration. Most of the economic migrants come to Poland from the territory of the former Soviet Union seeking seasonal work. However, there are also economic migrants for other non-EU member states. After Poland’s accession to Schengen in 2007, it became the border of the European Union as well as from UE member states. Aliens, who want to enter Republic of Poland’s territory, have to hold a valid visa or other document allowing for their entry and stay in Poland. In the Aliens Act, legislator envisaged several types of residence permits: temporary permit, permanent permit and a resident permit for EU citizens. The provincial governor (voivod) issues all types of permits. The proceedings are lengthy. In the last years it takes approximately even 6–7 months. After thorough analysis of all available data it might be concluded with high probability, that the Ukrainians are the largest group of aliens within Malopolska territory.
EN
The article aims at demonstrating that a spike in populist narratives (fear management in order to evoke fear of the Other) in Western societies leads to the legitimization of a new type of racism, xenoracism. Societies belonging to the so-called Western culture in the second half of the 20th century were attached to the liberal values where every sign of racism was negatively perceived as pejorative and attempts were made ateradicating it. In the 21st century, in turn, various economic and social crises caused by, inter alia, globalizing processes, were attributed to liberal values which contributed to doing politics through fear management towards the Other. The difference between racism and xenoracism lies in the fact that the former was an ideology focused on biological differences while xenoracism abandoned such differences in favour of socially and culturally imbuing them with objective and unalterable character. Populist narratives evoking fear of the Other question that behaviours triggered by this fear result from racism despite the fact that these actions are virtually identical to the ones motivated by the ideology of racism. Therefore, such behaviours and activities are more commonly perceived as positive and not pejorative and as in effect acceptable.
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