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1

Czarodziejska góra Tomasza Manna jako przestrzeń transgresji

100%
Nowicka D.
Góry, Literatura, Kultura
|
2017
|
vol. 11
143-164
EN
Thomas Mann’s The Magic Mountain is analysed with regard to elements pointing to the transgressive nature of the mountain and its impact on the protagonists of the novel. The author of the article focuses on the impact of time spent in the sanatorium on the mountain on the patients’ perception of the world below, on the plains, taking into account both external and mental changes. The selected fragments refer primarily to the transformations of the main protagonist, i.e. Hans Castorp, but also those of other protagonists, for example Dr Behrens or patients in whom changes of moral character can be observed. Life “up there” prompts people to see the world “down there” differently and thus figures as a place of internal transformation and crossing of boundaries, which should not be seen only topographically in this case.
2

Alpy w twórczości Zygmunta Krasińskiego

84%
Toruń W.
Góry, Literatura, Kultura
|
2018
|
vol. 12
177-190
EN
When it comes to the scope of its topics and level of detail, the sketch “The Alps in the oeuvre of Zygmunt Krasiński” is a preliminary reconnaissance. Krasiński’s image of the Alps was influenced by his “educational” trip to Switzerland on which he went with his guardians in the autumn of 1829. The primeval and monumental nature of the Alpine landscape left an indelible mark on the psyche of the young Romantic poet. This can be seen in Krasiński’s letters to his father as well as discursive writings of the future author of Non-Divine Comedy. Of crucial importance in the exploration of the Alps by young Krasiński were his Alpine trips: first in the company of his tutor and English friend Henry Reeve and then in the company of Adam Mickiewicz and Edward Odyniec.
3

„Was soll der Mensch da oben?“. Vom politischen Nutzen des Bergerlebnisses

84%
Wedekind M.
Góry, Literatura, Kultura
|
2018
|
vol. 12
55-68
EN
Since the 1870s the socio-economic and national conflicts with ethnic backgrounds reached the highest Alpine peaks. This was visible in a broad European context, but especially in the Habsburg Monarchy. This was where demands for political participation and social emancipation of (allegedly) disadvantaged ethnic groups in the Reich were juxtaposed with aggressive German-Austrian strategies seeking to preserve the status quo. In this context, “capturing” and “seizing” highland areas in disputed language border regions of the multi-ethnic empire became terms of huge symbolic and identity-shaping significance. In comparison with the British Alpine Club, whose members were well travelled climbers, Central European Alpine associations were anchored in regional political contexts and had clear nationalistic views. They reflected the specific socio-psychological determinants, moral values and social norms of the bourgeois elites, from among whom the leaders and members of these associations came almost exclusively as late as in the early 20th century. In its early hybrid form — vacillating between sport and science — mountaineering turned out in many respects to be a useful tool of cultural takeover and emotional awareness-raising with regard to one’s own homeland presumed to be threatened by a foreign element; it was useful as a driving force in internalising national identity, social values, political concepts as well as heroic military maxims referring to desirable behaviour. The first ascents of mountain peaks and “capturing” of hitherto untouched highland areas, construction of prestigious hotels and mountain hostels as well as nationally-inspired monuments on mountain peaks became semiotic expressions of territorial aspirations of a nation, a symbolic seizure of the mountains, preventing “ethnically foreign” profanations. Thus emerged a new, collectively binding mental map with sanctified mountain peaks and ranges that were incorporated into the nation’s iconography. The politicisation of mountains and mountain climbing became part of the “nationalisation of the masses.” The author of the article examines these aspects, using the multi-ethnic region of Tyrol as an example. He analyses, first of all, the Società degli Alpinisti Tridentini, an organisation operating in the southern, Italian-speaking part of the country, and its equivalent, the much larger German and Austrian Alpine Club. The analysis features, among others, various ideas of “nature”, “mountains” and climbing, varied goals mountaineers set for themselves, and, finally, the link between socio-economic conflicts with ethnic backgrounds and peaks in the Dolomites and the Ortler. These were conflicts which, in some sense, paved the way for the subsequent fighting during the First World War or, in any case, directly led to it.
4

Granice we wspinaniu. Góry jako przestrzenie transgresji granic płci

84%
Gugglberger M.
Góry, Literatura, Kultura
|
2017
|
vol. 11
361-376
EN
Mountains and Alpine spaces are historical places where determined national, economic and cultural norms as well as practices were and still are negotiated. The article focuses on the question of gender in the mountains as a social space, which the author explores, drawing on the example of the history of climbing expeditions to the highest mountains in the world, the Himalayas. Against this background she presents, from the point of view of gender history, the so-called female expeditions, i.e. mountain expeditions initiated, organised and conducted from the mid-1950s by all-female teams. They serve as analytical lenses to look into gender relations in mountaineering and their transformations in 1955–2014. Drawing on four social spaces the author raises questions about crossing gender boundaries due to socially-constructed gender norms as well as strategies for overcoming them. The first part of the article is devoted to female expeditions undertaken in 1955–1962 by British female climbers. These enterprises expanded the areas in which female mountaineers operated, without, however, questioning social gender stereotypes. The organisers of the expeditions deliberately presented themselves in accordance with social gender norms, and by choosing reasonable mountain goals, didn’t join the competition associated with the Himalayan eight-thousanders. The importance of gender based boundaries in high altitude mountaineering in the late 1950s is revealed in part two of the article when for the first time a female team set a famous eight-thousander as a goal for themselves. Press reports from before and after the expedition reflect prejudice and scepticism, presenting the female climbers in a manner that affronted them as overambitious and incompetent. It was not until the 1970s that a younger generation of female climbers openly and critically spoke against sexism and discrimination of women in high mountain climbing, as the author describes in part three. Female expeditions allowed women to avoid exclusion from male teams and attempt to climb the highest peaks on their own. The article ends with a presentation of the significance of female expeditions in the Himalayan state of Nepal, where since the 1990s such expeditions have provided Nepalese women with opportunities to made their mark on the tourist trade. On the other hand, female expeditions have been used by tourist and political institutions as an instrument of raising public awareness of issues like equality policy, climate protection or promotion of tourism.
5

„Góry te kryją w sobie niejakiś postrach, z ozdobą złączenie...” Obraz Alp w świetle relacji podróżniczej Teofi li Konstancji z Radziwiłłów Morawskiej

84%
Król K.
Góry, Literatura, Kultura
|
2015
|
vol. 9
117 - 135
EN
In 1773–1774 Teofila Konstancja Morawska née Radziwiłł (1738–1807) travelled across Europe, also visiting the Alps. The princess recorded her impressions in her diary, which enables us to examine her attitude to newly discovered spaces. The diary fragments dealing with her stay in the Alps describe her impressions and emotions that accompanied her during the journey. It turns out that mountain landscapes aroused not only fear in her but also awe and admiration. Konstancja Morawska was very interested in every element of Alpine landscape; she contemplated wild nature, was excited by mountain cascades and streams, noted the state of the roads, ways of travelling and changing atmospheric conditions, recorded information about history and sightseeing, was in raptures over the noble, mysterious and dangerous beauty of the mountains, and noted down her observations concerning plants or even types of rocks. The Alps provided the princess with both profound experiences and interesting specimens for her natural history cabinet. The accounts of mountain treks show Morawska not only as an intelligent, sensitive and observant lady, but also as a courageous and active traveller seeking new experiences. Significantly, Teofila Konstancja was able to appreciate the beauty of nature and look at it from an emotional and aesthetic perspective as it is evidenced, for example, by the literary images from her diary, very interesting in many respects.
6

O granicach i przepaściach: dyskurs o górach i separacji na terenach objętych konfliktem etnicznym

84%
Wedekind M.
Góry, Literatura, Kultura
|
2017
|
vol. 11
248-265
EN
The author examines the reasons behind the political instrumentalisation and ethnicisation of tourism as a private social practice, allegedly far removed from politics. Using the example of the Austrian Alpine Region (specifically, the Duchy of Tyrol) during the late Habsburg Monarchy, he demonstrates that this political sphere of action was a promising starting point for the nationalisation of the masses of the masses, especially wherever national circles of various communities had no access to the state apparatus and to classic socialisation organs and, therefore, had to resort to auxiliary measures to socialise nationality. In addition to issuing calls to visit areas close to linguistic and national borders and projecting ethnic (partly racial) models of segmentation and exclusion, tourism was used as ground for the building of national identity, for strategies of social integration and mobilisation, for establishing new mental maps and links of loyalty.
7

Von Grenzen und Abgründen: Berg- und Abgrenzungsdiskurse in ethnischen Konflikträumen

84%
Wedekind M.
Góry, Literatura, Kultura
|
2017
|
vol. 11
221-247
EN
The author examines the reasons behind the political instrumentalisation and ethnicisation of tourism as a private social practice, allegedly far removed from politics. Using the example of the Austrian Alpine Region (specifically, the Duchy of Tyrol) during the late Habsburg Monarchy, he demonstrates that this political sphere of action was a promising starting point for the nationalisation of the masses of the masses, especially wherever national circles of various communities had no access to the state apparatus and to classic socialisation organs and, therefore, had to resort to auxiliary measures to socialise nationality. In addition to issuing calls to visit areas close to linguistic and national borders and projecting ethnic (partly racial) models of segmentation and exclusion, tourism was used as ground for the building of national identity, for strategies of social integration and mobilisation, for establishing new mental maps and links of loyalty.
8

„Po co ten człowiek tam na górze?”. O politycznym wykorzystaniu przeżyć górskich

84%
Wedekind M.
Góry, Literatura, Kultura
|
2018
|
vol. 12
69-79
EN
Since the 1870s the socio-economic and national conflicts with ethnic backgrounds reached the highest Alpine peaks. This was visible in a broad European context, but especially in the Habsburg Monarchy. This was where demands for political participation and social emancipation of (allegedly) disadvantaged ethnic groups in the Reich were juxtaposed with aggressive German-Austrian strategies seeking to preserve the status quo. In this context, “capturing” and “seizing” highland areas in disputed language border regions of the multi-ethnic empire became terms of huge symbolic and identity-shaping significance. In comparison with the British Alpine Club, whose members were well travelled climbers, Central European Alpine associations were anchored in regional political contexts and had clear nationalistic views. They reflected the specific socio-psychological determinants, moral values and social norms of the bourgeois elites, from among whom the leaders and members of these associations came almost exclusively as late as in the early 20th century. In its early hybrid form — vacillating between sport and science — mountaineering turned out in many respects to be a useful tool of cultural takeover and emotional awareness-raising with regard to one’s own homeland presumed to be threatened by a foreign element; it was useful as a driving force in internalising national identity, social values, political concepts as well as heroic military maxims referring to desirable behaviour. The first ascents of mountain peaks and “capturing” of hitherto untouched highland areas, construction of prestigious hotels and mountain hostels as well as nationally-inspired monuments on mountain peaks became semiotic expressions of territorial aspirations of a nation, a symbolic seizure of the mountains, preventing “ethnically foreign” profanations. Thus emerged a new, collectively binding mental map with sanctified mountain peaks and ranges that were incorporated into the nation’s iconography. The politicisation of mountains and mountain climbing became part of the “nationalisation of the masses.” The author of the article examines these aspects, using the multi-ethnic region of Tyrol as an example. He analyses, first of all, the Società degli Alpinisti Tridentini, an organisation operating in the southern, Italian-speaking part of the country, and its equivalent, the much larger German and Austrian Alpine Club. The analysis features, among others, various ideas of “nature”, “mountains” and climbing, varied goals mountaineers set for themselves, and, finally, the link between socio-economic conflicts with ethnic backgrounds and peaks in the Dolomites and the Ortler. These were conflicts which, in some sense, paved the way for the subsequent fighting during the First World War or, in any case, directly led to it.
9

Grenzen im Aufstieg. Berge als Transgressionsräume von Geschlechtergrenzen

84%
Gugglberger M.
Góry, Literatura, Kultura
|
2017
|
vol. 11
343-360
EN
Mountains and Alpine spaces are historical places where determined national, economic and cultural norms as well as practices were and still are negotiated. The article focuses on the question of gender in the mountains as a social space, which the author explores, drawing on the example of the history of climbing expeditions to the highest mountains in the world, the Himalayas. Against this background she presents, from the point of view of gender history, the so-called female expeditions, i.e. mountain expeditions initiated, organised and conducted from the mid-1950s by all-female teams. They serve as analytical lenses to look into gender relations in mountaineering and their transformations in 1955–2014. Drawing on four social spaces the author raises questions about crossing gender boundaries due to socially-constructed gender norms as well as strategies for overcoming them. The first part of the article is devoted to female expeditions undertaken in 1955–1962 by British female climbers. These enterprises expanded the areas in which female mountaineers operated, without, however, questioning social gender stereotypes. The organisers of the expeditions deliberately presented themselves in accordance with social gender norms, and by choosing reasonable mountain goals, didn’t join the competition associated with the Himalayan eight-thousanders. The importance of gender based boundaries in high altitude mountaineering in the late 1950s is revealed in part two of the article when for the first time a female team set a famous eight-thousander as a goal for themselves. Press reports from before and after the expedition reflect prejudice and scepticism, presenting the female climbers in a manner that affronted them as overambitious and incompetent. It was not until the 1970s that a younger generation of female climbers openly and critically spoke against sexism and discrimination of women in high mountain climbing, as the author describes in part three. Female expeditions allowed women to avoid exclusion from male teams and attempt to climb the highest peaks on their own. The article ends with a presentation of the significance of female expeditions in the Himalayan state of Nepal, where since the 1990s such expeditions have provided Nepalese women with opportunities to made their mark on the tourist trade. On the other hand, female expeditions have been used by tourist and political institutions as an instrument of raising public awareness of issues like equality policy, climate protection or promotion of tourism.
10
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Góry Mariana Pankowskiego – przestrzeń emigracji i „emigracji”?

67%
Dudka E.
Tematy i Konteksty
|
2020
|
vol. 15
|
issue 10
230-244
EN
The interpretation of the forgotten volume of Wiersze alpejskie (Alpine Poems) by Marian Pankowski, published in Brussels in 1947 is, in the presented article, a starting point for reflection on the various dimensions and meanings of emigration in the biography and work of the artist. Paying attention to the topographic details allows to read the collection of poems not only as a poetic record of sensations related to the mountain trek, but also as a testimony to the writer’s dilemmas and his artistic explorations. However, the comparison with the later work Z Auszwicu do Belsen (From Auszwic to Belsen) reveals the genesis of Wiersze alpejskie (Alpine Poems) as related to the first post-war holiday trip of the poet and directs our attention to his traumatic experiences, absent, displaced in the lyrics, which can be read as the area of another emigration i.e. escape from painful memories.
PL
Interpretacja zapomnianego tomu Wiersze alpejskie Mariana Pankowskiego, wydanego w Brukseli w 1947 r., jest w prezentowanym artykule punktem wyjścia do refleksji nad różnymi wymiarami i znaczeniami emigracji w biografii i twórczości artysty. Dbałość o szczegóły topograficzne pozwala odczytać zbiór wierszy nie tylko jako poetycki zapis wrażeń związanych z górską wędrówką, ale także jako świadectwo dylematów pisarza i jego artystycznych poszukiwań. Jednak porównanie z późniejszym dziełem Z Auszwicu do Belsen (From Auszwic to Belsen) ujawnia genezę Wierszy alpejskich związaną z powojenną wakacyjną podróżą poety i kieruje naszą uwagę na jego traumatyczne przeżycia, nieobecne, wyparte w tekstach, które można odczytać jako obszar kolejnej emigracji, czyli ucieczki od bolesnych wspomnień.
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