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1
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Pigs, pastures, pepper pickers, pitchforks: Carl Sandburg’s Rootabaga Stories and the tall tale

100%
Heyman M.
The European Journal of Humour Research
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2017
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vol. 5
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issue 3
EN
Past studies of American nonsense literature have tended to lump it together with the British, for many good reasons. This article, however, distinguishes American nonsense, not just from the British, but from any other tradition, by way of its folk origins and cultural context. One of the least-recognized writers of nonsense is Carl Sandburg, who is famous for his iconic American poetry, but his Rootabaga Stories (1922-30) are some of the best and most distinctive representatives of the genre. Sandburg’s nonsense short stories are lyrical and strange, but their value lies also in their distinctive American origins. They are distinguished in having particularly American themes, cultural tendencies, and geography, but also in their formal techniques, which hearken back to American folklore and the tall tale in particular, as in W. B. Laughead’s Paul Bunyan (1922).
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Think Tanks as a Complementary Element of the American Political System

100%
Ziętara W.
Ad Americam
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2012
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vol. 13
111-124
EN
The U.S. political system strongly differs from the European solutions. The main American political parties, the Democratic Party and the Republican Party, have a less hierarchical organizational structure, and are characterized by a lack of party discipline and a less ideological political program. Moreover, if we add to this indicators showing a decrease in public confi dence in political parties, for example a decline in voter turnout, a conviction that individuals have no infl uence on politics, or a sense of limited political choice, then the question appears whether there is an entity capable of replacing political parties. In this article I put forward the hypothesis that think tanks may serve as such a body. I defi ne, classify and characterize the activities of American think tanks. Even if I have proven in this article that American think tanks execute some functions of political parties, i.e. articulation of values, representation of social groups’ interests or recruitment of political elites, they still do not fulfi l the function of direct rivalry for power and ruling. Therefore, think tanks will still play a supplementary role towards political parties and the whole American political system.
3
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American political campaigns

100%
Benoit W. L.
Central European Journal of Communication
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2009
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vol. 2
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issue 2(3)
225-231
EN
This essay provides a perspective on political campaigns in the United States. First, the historical background is discussed. Then the style of political actors is addressed. Campaign practices and the role of the media in elections are described. Finally, political culture and professionalization are discussed.
4
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An Empirical Study on Chinese And American College Students’ Moral Value Recognition

75%
Hailong Z.
Ethics in Progress
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2018
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vol. 9
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issue 1
118-127
EN
This study used a self-designed questionnaire to empirically evaluate Chinese and American undergraduate students’ recognition of moral values in six dimensions: honesty, civility & self-discipline, benevolence, unity & helping others, esteem, and filial piety. In total, 743 valid samples from 8 Chinese universities and 157 valid samples from 4 American universities were collected for an experimental comparison. Measurement results showed that the differences between Chinese and American college students were not significant in the dimensions of honesty, benevolence, esteem, and filial piety. These values, which originated in traditional Chinese culture, had the same priorities in both groups, confirming a certain degree of universality. However, significant intergroup differences existed in the civility and self-discipline dimension and the unity and helping others dimension. These results highlight the importance of enhancing Chinese college students’ moral consciousness, especially with esteem, and of enhancing American students’ consciousness of unity and helping others.
5
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Stereotyp Amerykanina: preferencja określonych wartości a społeczne spostrzeganie cudzoziemca

63%
Pluta J.
Opuscula Sociologica
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2014
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issue 4(10)
59-70
PL
Artykuł dotyczy stereotypów w ujęciu społeczno-poznawczym. Autorka wybrała stereotyp Amerykanina ze względu na uwarunkowania historyczne i czynniki wpływające na jego kształtowanie się. Celem jej badania było ustalenie związku między preferowaniem określonych wartości a tendencją do stereotypowego postrzegania Amerykanina. Autorka sprawdzała hipotezę, zgodnie z którą preferowanie hedonizmu i zachowawczości współwystępuje ze stereotypowym spostrzeganiem Amerykanina. Próbowano także dowieść, że preferowanie otwartości na zmianę, uniwersalizmu i przekraczania siebie współwystępuje z niską skłonnością do stereotypowego postrzegania Amerykanina. Analiza wyników potwierdziła związek niektórych wartości z tendencją do posługiwania się stereotypami etnicznymi.
EN
The present article concerns the issue of stereotypes and prejudices as viewed from socio-cognitive approach. The stereotype of an American was chosen because of its historical determinants and a number of factor influencing its development. The aim of the conducted research was to investigate the relationship between the preference of specific values and tendency to perceive Americans in a stereotypical way. The article is based on an assumption according to which high preference of particular values (such as Hedonism and Conservation) will co-occur with high level of stereotypical thinking about the Americans. On the other hand, people who prefer such values as Openness to Change, Universalism and Self-Transcendence will exhibit lower level of stereotypical thinking about the Americans. The data analysis confirmed the coexistence of some values with the formation of ethnic stereotypes and prejudices.
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Lithuanians in the United States at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries

63%
Szlaużys P.
Białostockie Teki Historyczne
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2017
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vol. Białostockie Teki Historyczne, 2017, tom 15
EN
At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, the United States was one of the most popular destinations for emigrants from the Lithuanian territories in the Russian Empire. They emigrated because they had no economic, social, or political perspectives in their homeland, which was part of the Russian Empire and the German Reich until 1918, when Lithuania proclaimed to be independent. The Lithuanians living in the Russian Empire were subjected to persecution as they were forbidden to speak their mother tongue or learn about their native history or culture. Moreover, they could not afford to buy land and were left landless and jobless mainly because of the unfavorable Russian policy to russify and economically exploit the areas controlled by the Tsar. In the pre-World War I period, the United States was a favourable country for Lithuanian emigrants because they could enjoy economic, social, and political freedom in that country. They could earn enough money to support their families left behind in their homeland, which often followed their relatives or friends living in the new land. It was much easier for them to find a job in the United States, where the Industrial Revolution created a massive demand for new workers. Lithuanian Americans lived next to other ethnic communities, which could unrestrictedly speak their native language, profess their own religion, learn about their history, establish their own political organisations, as well as issue their own newspapers or books. Such freedom encouraged American Lithuanians to integrate within their own community and to take advantage of opportunities they had never had in their homeland. As the United States was such an attractive place for the newcomers, the number of Lithuanians leaving the Russian Empire increased sharply. This was possible mainly because new railway lines were built in the Russian Empire, including the Lithuanian areas. Such routes led to ports in Germany, from where the emigrants sailed to the United States. Before World War I, hundreds of thousands of Lithuanian emigrants arrived in the United States to start their new lives. It must be said that Lithuanian Americans were successful as an ethnic community in the United States. They were strongly integrated. They cultivated their cultural values and sent money to their families in the United States and their relatives living in the Russian Empire. Lithuanian Americans established their own political organisations, which lobbied the US government as well as other political and economic organisations to support an independent Lithuania, contributed to the establishment of a Lithuanian mission in Washington D.C. and recognition of Lithuania by the US government as an independent state on 28 July 1922. The economic and social perspectives in the United Stated encouraged most Lithuanian emigrants to stay in the United States permanently, even when Lithuania became independent in 1918, and its inhabitants were no longer persecuted because of their ethnic origin.
PL
Na przełomie XIX i XX stulecia Stany Zjednoczone były jednym z najbardziej popularnych kierunków emigracyjnych dla ludności z terytoriów litewskich w Imperium Rosyjskim. Emigracja z tych terenów była popularna w tamtym czasie, ponieważ osoby emigrujące nie miały perspektyw gospodarczych, społecznych ani politycznych na swojej ziemi ojczystej, kontrolowanej przez Imperium Rosyjskie i Rzeszę Niemiecką do 1918 r., kiedy Litwa ogłosiła niepodległość. Litwini żyjący w Imperium Rosyjskim byli poddawani prześladowaniom, ponieważ zabraniano im porozumiewania się w języku ojczystym, uczenia się ojczystej historii lub kultury, oraz nie było ich stać na zakup ziemi i wielu z nich skazanych było na bezrobocie, głównie ze względu na niekorzystną politykę rosyjską polegającą na rusyfikacji i czerpaniu korzyści gospodarczych na terenach kontrolowanych przez cara. Przed I wojną światową, Stany Zjednoczone były bardzo popularnym krajem dla emigrantów litewskich, ponieważ w tym kraju mogli korzystać z wolności gospodarczej, społecznej i politycznej. Mogli zarobić wystarczająco pieniędzy dla swoich rodzin pozostawionych w ojczyźnie, którzy często podążali za ich krewnymi lub przyjaciółmi żyjącymi w nowym i dalekim kraju. Łatwiej było im znaleźć pracę w Stanach Zjednoczonych, gdzie rewolucja przemysłowa stworzyła ogromny popyt na nowych pracowników. Litwini amerykańscy mieszkali obok innych wspólnot etnicznych, które mogły bez ograniczeń porozumiewać się we własnym języku, wyznawać własną religię, poznawać własną historię, tworzyć własne organizacje polityczne, a także wydawać własne gazety lub książki. Taki rodzaj wolności zachęcał Litwinów amerykańskich do integracji we własnej społeczności i korzystania z możliwości niespotkanych w ich ojczyźnie. W związku z tym, że Stany Zjednoczone były tak atrakcyjnym krajem dla nowo przybyłych emigrantów, liczba Litwinów opuszczających rosyjskie imperium gwałtownie rosła. Było to możliwe głównie dlatego, że powstały nowe linie kolejowe w Imperium Rosyjskim, w tym na terenach litewskich, które prowadziły do portów w Niemczech, skąd emigranci płynęli do Stanów Zjednoczonych. Do wybuchu I wojny światowej setki tysięcy litewskich emigrantów przybyło do Stanów Zjednoczonych, aby rozpocząć nowe życie. Można stwierdzić, że Litwini amerykańscy odnieśli sukces jako społeczność etniczna w Stanach Zjednoczonych. Byli silnie zintegrowani. Pielęgnowali ojczystą kulturę i przekazywali zarobione pieniądze dla swoich rodzin w Stanach Zjednoczonych i krewnych żyjących w Imperium Rosyjskim. Litwini amerykańscy założyli również własne organizacje polityczne, które lobbowały rząd USA oraz inne organizacje polityczne i gospodarcze w celu wsparcia niezależnej Litwy, co w późniejszym okresie przyczyniło się do ustanowienia litewskiego przedstawicielstwa w Waszyngtonie i w końcu uznania Litwy przez rząd Stanów Zjednoczonych, jako niezależnego państwa 28 lipca 1922 r. Perspektywy ekonomiczne i społeczne w Zjednoczonym Stanowisku sprawiły, że większość emigrantów litewskich zdecydowały się na stały pobyt w Stanach Zjednoczonych, nawet gdy Litwa stała się niezależna w 1918 r., a jej mieszkańcy nie byli już prześladowani z powodu ich etnicznego pochodzenia.
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The Reception of American Jazz in Japan: An Outline of Issues

63%
Kwaczyńska O.
Kwartalnik Młodych Muzykologów UJ
|
2020
|
issue 1(44) ENG
33-46
EN
The following article presents the history of Japanese jazz, from the first musical contacts to its contemporary successes and problems of the jazz music market. An important role in the development and evolution of jazz in Japan (even before the post-war US occupation of that country) was played by the presence of American military forces in the Philippines, which, as an American-dependent territory, maintained cultural contacts with the United States, where jazz had been born at the beginning of the 20th century and became one of the most popular forms of music. Apart from contact with Filipino musicians, who were the first source of jazz education for the Japanese, the rise of jazz cafés (jazzu-kissa) was also important for the development of jazz in the Land of the Cherry Blossom. The cafés played a huge role in generating interest in jazz and shaping musical tastes. The article also shows the influence of jazz on the formation of a modern, American-type lifestyle among the Japanese middle-class. In addition, the article discusses the complex issue of the authenticity of Japanese jazz in relation to American jazz and the role of world-famous Japanese musicians, such as Toshiko Akiyoshi, in overcoming stereotypes. The aim of the article is to demonstrate the universality and at the same time the local character of contemporary Japanese jazz as well as the distinguishing features of jazz in Japan.
8
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Rywalizacja i współpraca mocarstw na obszarze Azji Centralnej

51%
Włodkowska-Bagan A.
Krakowskie Studia Małopolskie
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2011
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vol. 15
46-96
EN
Region of Central Asia is one of many areas of the world, in which interests of western countries especially the United States (but also the EU), Russia and China are crossing. Turkey and Iran being a participant of “the New Great Game” are not yet the main players in the regional competition. The rivalry concerns mainly on economic dimension (natural gas and oil resources) but relates as well to political, military and security issues. At the same time there is several areas of cooperation between Russia and Iran, Moscow and Beijing or even between whole participants of the rivalry. Such an cooperation occurs for example in common efforts connected with the war on international terrorism or against drug trafficking. Furthermore Russia, Iran and China are worried about the increasing role of United States in Central Asia countries. Despite the rivalry, which takes place in Central Asia and decreasing Russian role in this region, Moscow is still the important player, mainly because it controls so far a considerable part of Central Asian pipelines and has located there military bases.
9
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Cy Twombly’s seasons, in the shadow of Renoir

51%
Mitjans Puebla M.
Multidisciplinary Journal of School Education
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2020
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issue 17
31-45
XX
The iconographical analysis of Four seasons (1993), by the contemporary artist Edwin Parker “Cy” Twombly (Cy Twombly, 1928 – 2011) must be understood considering the importance of one of the most famous impressionist painters: Pierre-Auguste Renoir (1841 - 1919). La vague (1879) and Paysage bords de Seine (1879) are two oil on canvas where Renoir prints the feeling of captivating the ephemeral through the colour and the movement of light. Four seasons has its roots in American lyrical abstraction. The need of making a portrait of lightness, through a creation where image and text are together, represents the evolution of Renoir’s work in contemporary art. As an impressionist artist, Renoir describes beauty as the reflection of the harmony of the world, as such as a bridge between aesthetic and emotional education. With this proposal, Cy Twombly sublimates the idea of beauty in contemporary art.
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