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W artykule przedstawiono zastosowanie niektórych metod taksonomicznych do analizy zmian struktury obszarowej gospodarstw rolnych w latach 1990-1996. (fragment tekstu)
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PL
Poznanie charakteru gospodarki narodowej jest istotne ze względu na różnego rodzaju turbulencje, wewnętrzne i zewnętrzne, jakim ta gospodarka podlega. Kooperują i konkurują w niej ze sobą mikropodmioty i makropodmioty. Działają one w otoczeniu zewnętrznym, bliższym i dalszym o bardzo zróżnicowanym charakterze (instytucjonalnym, prawnym, kulturowym itp.). Relacje między elementami gospodarki narodowej, tj. między podmiotami, infrastrukturą prawną, polityczną, społeczną, rodzą sprzężenia zwrotne, których znajomość stwarza przesłanki do niezakłóconego funkcjonowania tej gospodarki. Autor artykułu stawia hipotezę badawczą, że jest to możliwe dlatego, że gospodarka narodowa jest bytem strukturalnym.
EN
Understanding the nature of the national economy is important due to the various types of internal and external turbulence that this economy is subject to. Microentities and macro-entities cooperate and compete in this economy. They operate in an external environment, closer and further of a very different nature (institutional, legal, cultural, etc.). Relations between elements of the national economy, ie between entities, legal, political and social infrastructure, generate feedback that requires scientific research to ensure the economy national undisturbed functioning. The author of the article puts forward a research hypothesis that this is possible because the national economy is a structural entity, subject to structural analysis, as chemists do, researching various kinds of chemical compounds.
EN
The literature on the activities of public relations (PR) is getting richer. Also, numerous empirical studies on the PR process, methods and techniques are conducted, as well as analyses on the effectiveness of PR and ethics in this field. There is a relatively small number of studies that examine decision-making processes by PR practitioners. Despite numerous discussions on the issue of decision-making, methods of decision making in public relations are not a subject of research and debate. Most decisions in this area are probably made unsystematically and in a very individual way. However, the introduction of effective methods, proven in other areas, which support decision making practice related to communication processes, can help to improve efficiency and effectiveness of the organization in the field of building relationships with the stakeholders. The authors show how the use of cognitive maps and the WINGS method can help PR consultants to choose a PR strategy in situations which can seriously jeopardize the organization's reputation.
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