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1

Ancient Egyptian Glorification

100%

Szczudłowska A.

Rocznik Orientalistyczny

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vol. Rocznik Orientalistyczny, T. 41, Z. 2 (1980)

2

Mistrz Twardowski wśród egipskich mumii

70%

Zinkow L.

Przegląd Orientalistyczny

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2013

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issue 1-2(245-246)

3-18

EN

“Pan Twardowski” is a half-legendary character of a Polish Renaissance alchemist, referred to in more than a dozen literary works. A man who sold his soul to the forces of evil in return for superhuman physical or mental abilities (and as a consequence – magical mastery of nature: Aarne-Thompson 756B) is also the theme of Goethe's "Faust". A little-known poet Aleksander Groza published an extensive work, "Twardowski", in 1873. It is a rather poor literary work, however, it does provide an excellent exemplification of multiple threads in the Orientalist discourse of the 19th century and many speculations revolving around it: “Egyptian” alchemy (and speculation relating to the achievements of that civilization), misconceptions surrounding the Egyptian eschatology (reincarnation, metempsychosis, etc.), the ethnogenesis of ancient Egyptians and their alleged relationships with India, theosophy or Gnosticism.

3

Vliv egyptské kultury na popis a výklad dudka ve Physiologu

70%

Šedinová H.

Listy filologické (Folia philologica)

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2013

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vol. 136

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issue 1-2

27-57

EN

One of the significant differences between an early Christian writing Physiologus Graecus (it was written in the mid-4th century AD in Alexandria, and deals predominantly with animals) and Greek zoology is the former’s considerable focus on Egyptian fauna. Bearing this in mind, the authors of first essential monographs on Physiologus (e.g. Max Wellmann, Francesco Sbordone) have pointed out that some descriptions of the animals found in this treatise are similar to or even nearly identical with those in the Hieroglyphica, written in the 4th century AD by Horapollo. Moreover, a German Egyptologist Emma Brunner-Traut in her several papers tried to find specific connections between the treatment of certain animals in the Physiologus and the role of these animals in the Old Egyptian mythology, religion and art. Other scholars, however, did not continue to explore the Old Egyptian influence on the Physiologus: egyptologists have devoted their papers almost entirely to a description of the animals’ roles in the Old Egyptian culture, while studies by classicists and mediaevalists have focused on a tradition stemming from the ancient scientific literature. This paper tries to combine both of these sources of inspiration: taking the hoopoe (Physiologus Graecus, rec. I, 8; Physiologus Latinus, versio Y, B, Bis, 10) as an example, it tries to describe different views on a behaviour of this bird held by Greek and Roman scientists and by the author of the Physiologus, and it tries to specify to what degree the author could have been influenced by his surroundings where he was composing his treatise. A Greek name of the hoopoe, κουκούφα, is probably of an Egyptian origin; there existed a sign for the hoopoe in the hieroglyphic script (with a value of a phonogram); and the hoopoe was a plentiful bird in the Egyptian territory, as evidenced by his numerous representations on the mastabas of Egyptian dignitaries, either in his natural environment, or in interaction with people. Whereas the Horapollo’s treatment of the hoopoe concords with that in the Physiologus (the hoopoe being described as a bird that affectionatelly takes care of its aged parents), in Greek and Jewish tradition the hoopoe is seen rather negativelly as an unclean bird that dwells on the graves and rummages in excrements which he uses also for construction of its nest and as a food for its younglings. It is quite likely that the author of the Physiologus did not draw, in this case, on the scientific literature of ancient Greece, but was influenced by the considerable role the hoopoe played in the Egyptian culture and in everyday life of Egypt’s inhabitants.

4

Objev pohřební komory hodnostáře Nefera

61%

Bárta M.

Pražské egyptologické studie (Prague Egyptological Studies)

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2014

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issue 13

3-6

EN

During the spring season of 2014 in Abusir, the Czech mission focused on further archaeological exploration of the tomb complex of Nefer, dating to the second half of the Fifth Dynasty. Working inside his rock-cut chapel, two more shafts (out of four) were explored. Shaft 1, located in the southernmost part of the room, belonged to Nefer himself. The shaft opening corresponds with the principal false door of the room, that of Nefer. The shaft is 6 m deep, with a buri - al chamber opening to the south. The room was entered from the north. The entrance was originally blocked by a wall built of smaller and larger limestone chips, limestone blocks and mud bricks joined with mud mortar. The wall was broken by ancient tomb robbers in the eastern part. The burial chamber was found with the ceiling largely collapsed. Thus it was impossible to work inside the chamber but for a few hours. Therefore only very few measurements could be taken. The room measures roughly 3.67 × 2.25 m in ground plan. Most of the room was occupied by a large limestone sarcophagus (its chest mea - suring 2.25 × 1.05 × 0.75 m). Inside the sarcophagus, a completely destroyed burial was found, pushed to the south part of the sarcophagus (380/AS68/2014). It belonged to amale person of about 40–60 years of age. From the buri - al equipment, only a group of miniature model vessels made of limestone was found, consisting of 70 plates and 16 cups. Shaft 4, which is 4.5 m deep, is located close to the entrance into the chapel. The east wall of the shaft was shaped into a “manoeuvring recess” across the last 1.90 m of its length and so cut away the corner of the west wall of the shaft above the entrance into the burial chamber. The burial chamber is located to the west of the shaft and was found sealed with an intact stone wall. The burial chamber itself measures 2.96 × 2.14 × 0.80 m and it is orientated in the north-south direction. Most of the space was taken up by a limestone sarcophagus which is 2.50 m long, 1.10 m wide and 0.80 m high (chest). Remains of very limited intact burial equipment were discovered during the course of archaeological documentation inside the chamber. It consisted of four canopic vessels originally placed on the southern end of the sarcophagus lid (388/AS68/2014). These were originally placed in a wooden box which was found completely decayed. Due to post-depositional processes, one canopic vessel and two lids were found in the fill on the south side of the sarcophagus. Apart from this, only one beer jar was found lying on the floor of the chamber, in the southwest corner, and some small fragments of miniature copper vessels originating from the fill of the chamber could be documented. Since the sarcophagus was found sealed, it was officially opened in collaboration with the representatives of the Saqqara Inspectorate of Antiquities, the director Mr. Allah Shehata and chief inspector Mr. Sabri, on March 19. After the lid was pushed aside, a well preserved skeleton (not a mummy) (389/AS68/2014) was discovered inside. It belonged to an anonymous official of 40–60 years of age. He was lying in an outstretched position, head to the north. Along his eastern side a decayed wooden stick could be seen. Otherwise only small faience amulets and tiny pieces of golden foil were found. The faience amulets were found on the ankles and wrists of the deceased and included three different shapes, very close to the hieroglyphic signs “n”, “r” and “nb”.

5

Největší z lékařů : Hrobka Šepseskafancha, lékaře Horního a Dolního Egypta

61%

Bárta M.

Pražské egyptologické studie (Prague Egyptological Studies)

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2014

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issue 12

3-10

EN

In September 2013 the Czech Institute of Egyptology started its fall excavation season in Abusir South. The Institute resumed work in the area in the immediate vicinity of the tombs of princess Sheretnebty and Nefer which have become famous, among other things, owing to the large numbers of unique stone statuary and the stela of Nefer, discovered and publicised world-wide only last year. In order to understand the complete history of this particular family cemetery which originated sometime during the reign of Niuserre and continued into the reign of Djedkare, the excavation moved to the northeast area where the entrance to the whole complex was uncovered. One of the oldest tombs discovered in this area of the cemetery so far belongs to the chief physician of Upper and Lower Egypt, Shepseskafankh. He had a rather impressive tomb built, of about 22 × 11.50 m in size, with limestone walls preserved to a height of about 3 m. A long corridor chapel with a unique monumental false door built of several blocks of limestone is located in the eastern part of the superstructure. The importance of the discovery lies in the fact that Shepseskafankh was one of very few, so far known, top-ranking physicians of the pharaohs of the third millennium BC Egypt. His titles detail Shepseskafankh as a friends of the House, chief physician of Upper and Lower Egypt, priest of Ra in the sun temple of Userkaf, Neferirkare and Niuserre, priest of Khnum “in front of Both Mansions of Life”, a priest of Magic, priest of Hathor in all her places, wab-priest of the king, keeper of secrets of His Lord, physician of the Great House, overseer of the foodofferings of the Great House, priest of Horus of Shenwet, Anubis, foremost of Sepa(-district), priest of the Red crown, priest of Khnum, foremost of the House of Life and the House of Protection – a designation which indicates his knowledge and the extraordinary position and respect he enjoyed at the royal court. Unfortunately, all burial chambers of the complex were heavily robbed and provided but a meagre amount of human remains. The historical importance of this discovery lies in the fact that Shepseskafankh belonged to a very few highest ranking physicians known from the era of the Old Kingdom pyramid builders who had a very close relationship with the ruling king. At the same time, his is already the third physician tomb discovered at the same cemetery in Abusir.

CS

Zájemci o starý Egypt a archeologické výzkumy v Egyptě a Súdánu se často ptají, jak dlouho trvá učinit archeo - logický „objev“. Tento článek se bude zabývat jedním z takových „objevů“, a to hrobkou lékaře a kněze Šep - seskafancha. Rok 2013 byl v mnoha ohledech přímým pokračováním archeologických aktivit v jižním Abúsíru z roku 2012. Archeologické práce se soustředily i nadále na komplex kněze Neferinpua a princezny Šeretnebtej z poloviny 5. dynastie. Tento soubor hrobek (kombinace skalních hrobek a klasických mastab), postavený ve třech výškových úrovních, představuje i nadále, přes veškeré naše dosavadní úsilí, oblast, jejíž poznávání není ani zdaleka ukončeno, a archeologická překvapení se vynořují jedno za druhým. Na úvod je třeba ještě uvést, že než jsme se k této hrobce dopracovali, uplynulo od počátku výzkumu v těchto místech lokality více než deset let.

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2 Pražské egyptologické studie (Prague Egyptological Studies)

1 Listy filologické (Folia philologica)

1 Przegląd Orientalistyczny

1 Rocznik Orientalistyczny

2 2014

2 2013

2 Bárta M.

1 Szczudłowska A.

1 Zinkow L.

1 Šedinová H.

Ancient Egyptian Glorification

Mistrz Twardowski wśród egipskich mumii

Vliv egyptské kultury na popis a výklad dudka ve Physiologu

Objev pohřební komory hodnostáře Nefera

Největší z lékařů : Hrobka Šepseskafancha, lékaře Horního a Dolního Egypta