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PL
Tematem artykułu jest film Macieja Drygasa „Usłyszcie mój krzyk” (1991) – słynny dokument opowiadający o podpaleniu się Ryszarda Siwca, które miało miejsce 8 września 1968 r. na Stadionie Dziesięciolecia w Warszawie. Sikora stwierdza, że w swym filmie Drygas zderzył ze sobą przede wszystkim dwa performanse, które wydarzyły się w jednym miejscu i w jednym czasie i które pozostały względem siebie w szczególny sposób nieprzezroczyste – akt samospalenia Siwca i odbywające się na stadionie dożynki państwowe. Autor kreśli rozmaite konteksty tych wydarzeń (m.in. odniesienie do „Wesela” Andrzeja Wajdy /1972/), a przede wszystkim osadza swoje rozważania w obszarze badań performatywności. Analiza tych zagadnień prowadzi go do konstatacji, że film i kino jako formy rytuału mogą odczyniać historię, ale także pozwalają zobaczyć ją czasem na nowo w innym i pełniejszym świetle.
EN
The subject of the article is the film by Maciej Drygas “Hear My Cry” (1991) – a famous documentary about the self-immolation of Ryszard Siwiec, which took place on September 8, 1968 at the Decade Stadium (Stadion Dziesięciolecia) in Warsaw. Sikora states that Drygas collided two performances that happened in one place and at one time and that remained opaque to each other in a special way – the act of self-immolation by Siwiec and the state harvest festival taking place at the stadium. The author sketches various contexts of these events (including references to Andrzej Wajda’s “The Wedding” /1972/ ), and above all, he sets his reflections in the field of performativity research. The analysis of these issues leads him to the conclusion that film and cinema as a form of ritual can break the spell cast on history, but also allow it to be seen again and again in a different and fuller light.
Prace Kulturoznawcze
|
2018
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vol. 22
|
issue 3
93-100
EN
The purpose of the article is to characterize and analyze the possible shape of a film adaptation of Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad, which Andrzej Wajda never accomplished. Through using archival materials, notes, letters, scripts and screenplays the author of the article reconstructs the creative work of the director on the idea of the movie and the issues which eventually prevented a finalization of this project. The article refers not only to Wajda’s unrealized film, but also to Conrad themes present in the director’s creations.
EN
This article aims to synthesize the phenomenon of World War II digital games created in Poland in the past decade. Although the World War II themes had appeared in Polish digital games much earlier, it was not until the 2010s that it was presented as a traumatic experience rather than an adventurous period. Three games created between 2011 and 2021 serve as examples: Ashes and Diamonds, Warsaw, and My Memory of Us. The research shows that these titles reproduce national martyrdom present in Andrzej Wajda’s films.
PL
Celem artykułu jest syntetyczne ujęcie zjawiska gier cyfrowych II wojnie światowej powstałych w ubiegłym dziesięcioleciu na terenie Polski. Jakkolwiek tematyka ta pojawiała się w polskich grach cyfrowych już wcześniej, dopiero w drugiej dekadzie XXI wieku została przedstawiona bardziej jako traumatyczne doświadczenie aniżeli awanturnicza przygoda. Za przykłady służą trzy gry z lat 2011–2021: Popiół i diament, Warsaw, My Memory of Us. Badanie wykazuje, iż wspomniane tytuły odtwarzają narodową martyrologię w manierze filmów Andrzeja Wajdy. 
EN
Andrzej Wajda is a renown Polish theatre and film director, whose achievements have been recognised by theatre and film artists and critics all over the world (he has been awarded an Oscar). He has directed four versions of Hamlet and two versions of Macbeth (one for Polish television in 1969, the other for the Stary Theatre in Kraków in 2004). I propose to look at three productions to trace Wajda’s evolution in his approach to Shakespearean tragedy: Hamlet III, scenes of which were first staged in the Royal Castle of Wawel in Cracow, and then at the Stary Theatre in 1981. It was a Hamlet which addressed significant Polish problems (Wawel being a symbol of Poland, its historical power, the seat of the powerful Jagiellonian dynasty).1 The context of the production is also very significant: the time of the Solidarity festival, as it is now called in Poland (on 13 December 1981 martial law was introduced in Poland), so the performance could not help avoiding political issues. The director’s next take at Hamlet (his fourth attempt) occurred in 1989, another critical year in the Polish post-war history; surprisingly enough, the production was not so much Poland-oriented or politically involved as the previous version; instead Wajda poses questions about the condition of theatre in Poland and anticipates a less pressing need for politicising theatrical performances in the years to come. His Macbeth in turn was produced at the time of Poland’s engagement in the war on terrorism in Iraq; modern war of the ‘civilised world’ becomes a most significant frame for the production, but not the only one. The performance, showing the Macbeths as an elderly couple who are confronted with possibly the last chance to make a difference in their life, touches upon both getting old and a long-term marriage.
ES
En Polonia, el conocimiento de la participación de los legionarios de la Legión del Vístula y de los lanceros del Vístula en los Sitios de Zaragoza proviene principalmente de la literatura y el cine. Las primeras obras proceden del género novelístico. La falta de un estudio histórico riguroso propició que estos trabajos se alzasen como portadores auténticos de los hechos allí narrados, cuando, en realidad, eran interpretaciones creadas por la pluma del escritor de turno. De esta manera se fueron forjando mitos que han perdurado hasta la actualidad. Una de estas leyendas salió de la imaginación de Stefan Żeromski, quien, a partir de un texto anónimo, inventó una escena que ha sido motivo de remordimiento para generaciones de polacos: el suicidio de una religiosa al verse ante el inminente peligro de ser violada por la soldadesca en un convento de Zaragoza. Andrzej Wajda recogió ese pasaje plasmándolo en una escena de su película. Nosotros hemos demostrado que el texto inspirador de Żeromski, y, por ende, de Wajda, es apócrifo, probablemente por la propaganda zarista con el fin de ensuciar acciones polacas en las guerras napoleónicas, cuando los polacos volvieron a ser libres en tiempos del Ducado de Varsovia de la mano de Napoleón I Bonaparte. Con este artículo, demostramos la necesidad de volver a interpretar las fuentes originales, para desterrar mitos creadores de errores con fines políticos claros.
EN
Confronting the Past. Trauma, History and Memory in Wajda’s film Historical films are important carriers of collective memory, and as a genre historical films can activate both strong feelings and strong debate. Historical fiction films often tell very accurate and almost documentary stories, but fictional films have the freedom to make historical reality in quite another way than factual historical films. This article deals with some of the most important historical film genres and uses a general theory of genres, emotions, memory and history to analyse the historical films of Polish film director Andrzej Wajda, especially those made post 1989. Dealing with both his heritage drama Pan Tadeusz (1999) and critical historical drama Katyń (2007), the article analyses the ways in which Wajda uses historical narratives to comment on both history and contemporary society, and how this strategy is reflected in all his historical films. The article argues that the traumatic and contrast-filled history of Poland makes historical films especially important and interesting as a critical part of public debate and the reframing and reinterpretation of the past.
PL
Omówienie książki Barbary Hollender Od Munka do Maślony (2017), która jest trzecim ogniwem cyklu po poprzednio wydanych tomach Od Wajdy do Komasy (2014) i Od Kutza do Czekaja (2016). Ciężar gatunkowy tej pracy nie sprowadza się do dokumentacji, a ambicją Hollender nie było stworzenie leksykonu. Jej książka stanowi niebanalną rekonstrukcję biograficzną, która opiera się na świadectwach reżyserów, jednak ostatecznie swój kształt zawdzięcza ich rozmówczyni – autorce. Barbara Hollender opisała przemiany kulturowe, które wpłynęły na kształt dzisiejszego polskiego kina. Wyróżniła kilka punktów granicznych związanych z historią najnowszą, poczynając od polskiej szkoły filmowej, przez kino moralnego niepokoju, które w drugiej połowie lat 70. wyraziło jej – wówczas młodej dziewczyny – własny bunt i osobiste tęsknoty. Ostatnim z tych punktów, szczególnie eksponowanym, jest przemiana ustrojowa po 1989 r. Narracja jest prowadzona ponad podziałami zarówno generacyjnymi, jak i tymi wynikającymi z doświadczenia czy stylu. Bohaterowie książki, nawet jeśli należą do jednego pokolenia, nie tworzą wspólnych manifestów ani nie realizują jednolitego – światopoglądowo czy estetycznie – programu. Portret zbiorowy rozszczepia się na wyraziste, zindywidualizowane wizerunki.
EN
Presentation of the book by Barbara Hollender Od Munka do Maślony [From Munk to Maślona] (2017), which is the third link in the cycle after the previously published volumes Od Wajdy do Komasy [From Wajda to Komasa] (2014) and Od Kutza do Czekaja [From Kutz to Czekaj] (2016). The seriousness of this work is not limited to documentation, and Hollender’s ambition was not to create a lexicon. Her book is a remarkable biographical reconstruction, which is based on testimonies of directors, but ultimately owes its shape to their interlocutor – the author. Barbara Hollender described the cultural changes that influenced the shape of today’s Polish cinema. She distinguished several critical points related to modern history, starting from the Polish film school, through the cinema of moral anxiety, which in the second half of the 1970s expressed her own rebellion and personal longing of a young girl she was at the time. The last of these points, especially exposed, is the political transformation after 1989. The narrative is conducted both over generational divisions and those resulting from experience or style. The protagonists of the book, even if they belong to one generation, do not create joint manifestos or implement a uniform – ideologically or aesthetically – programme. The collective portrait splits into expressive, individualized images.
PL
The article attempts to trace the sources of “polonophilia” in the Soviet culture of the sixties and to consider the strategies of the representation of the Polish text in Russian literature after the Khrushchev Thaw on the material of Stanislav Kunyaev, Boris Dubrovin and Emil Janvarev’s poetry. The special influence on the formation of the geo-cultural image of the Polish People’s Republic in this period is discussed in the context of Polish cinema (in particular Andrzej Wajda’s film Ashes and Diamonds).
EN
Andrzej Wajda’s films are interesting and serious historical narratives, which enter in dialog both with academic historiography and with other forms of familiarization with the past. Some of Wajda’s historical films are part of the paradigm of the affirmative vision of history. It is a vision that focuses on creating the positive picture of the bygone world, on showing those elements of the past that a given community recognizes as glorious and heroic, worth imitating, commemorating, and honoring, which can be the object of pride or even worship. The affirma-tive vision of history belittles, leaves in the background or omits all those themes from the past that fall outside positive evaluation for various reasons and could distort a consistent favorable picture of the past of a community. In the present article I would like to examine from the comparative perspective of two films, “A Generation [ Pokolenie]” (1954) and “Katyń” (2007). The comparison between Andrzej Wajda’s two films made in the space of fifty years shows that despite the fact that the two pictures were produced in entirely different historico‑cultural contexts, using different film styles, the two screen stories present the affirmation of diametri-cally disparate versions of history, it is the dramatic strategies for and techniques of affirmation of history that remain the same in either case.
EN
Antonio Buero Vallejo in a letter written to Florian Śmieja, a Polish Hispanist, on the 20th of February 1975, mentions a Polish translation of the drama El sueño de la razón published by Dialog, Polish theatre review edited in Warsaw, and the oncoming first Polish performance of the play by Andrzej Wajda. The article discusses in detail the circumstances and material documents of the performance of El sueño de la razón at the Teatr na Woli in Warsaw, on the 21st of March 1976, with Tadeusz Łomnicki as Goya, as well as makes a reflection on a rather scarce presence of Buero Vallejo in the Polish theatre. Only two plays by Buero Vallejo have been translated to and published in Polish: El sueño de la razón (1974) and El concierto de San Ovidio (1987).
EN
Films of Polish Film School, the most significant formation in post-war history of Polish cinema, appeared in Czechoslovakia with several years of delay. Power feared that their message will be dangerous for spectators. Meanwhile – for viewers, they remain unknown or difficult to understand and only a few critics and film historians could read them in accordance with the intentions of the directors Andrzej Munk and Andrzej Wajda, being the main representatives of the stream.
PL
How in Czechoslovakia films by Munk and Wajda were conceived – or films in the context of tangled history Films of Polish Film School, the most signifi cant formation in post-war history of Polish cinema, appeared in Czechoslovakia with several years of delay. Power feared that their message will be dangerous for spectators. Meanwhile – for viewers they remain unknown or diffi cult to understand and only a few critics and fi lm historians could read them in accordance with the intentions of the directors Andrzej Munk and Andrzej Wajda, being the main representatives of the stream.
12
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O "Pannach z Wilka"

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EN
The lecture is devoted to a multifaceted analysis of Jaroslaw Iwaszkiewicz’s short story Panny z Wilka (The Maids of Wilko). It deals with its genesis and thematic connections with other works of the writer. Crucial here are issues of time and mechanisms of recollection. An additional context is the film adaptation of The Maids of Wilko made by Andrzej Wajda.
PL
Wykład poświęcony jest wieloaspektowej analizie opowiadania Jarosława Iwaszkiewicza Panny z Wilka. Dotyczy on jego genezy i związków tematycznych z innymi utworami pisarza. Zasadniczą są tu kwestie czasu i mechanizmy wspominania. Dodatkowym kontekstem jest adaptacja filmowa Panien z Wilka dokonana przez Andrzeja Wajdę.
Forum Oświatowe
|
2014
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vol. 26
|
issue 1(51)
61-77
EN
Andrzej Wajda has often taken up the topic of loneliness. In the screen adaptation of “Tatarak” (2009) he showed the loneliness of a married couple in the face of death and serious illness. The director used two stories: “Tatarak” by J. Iwaszkiewicz and “The sudden call” by S. Marai. The most important plot of the film is the private confession of the actress Krystyna Janda, who had recently lost her husband. In the analysis of the film by Wajda the philosophical concept mimesis may be used. Paul Ricoeur in “Time and Narration” claims that mimesis is not a homogeneous category and distinguishes three variations of it. Behind the three types of mimesis of “Tatarak,” lie different meanings of loneliness. In mimesis III two worlds overlap: the world of the artist and the world of the audience. Janda’s narration leads to an active understanding of what the experience of loss and loneliness is and crystallizes it. The story about loss and loneliness is also a form of therapy for her.
PL
Andrzej Wajda często podejmował w swoich filmach temat samotności. W ekranizacji Tataraku (2009) pokazał samotność małżonków w obliczu choroby i śmierci. Reżyser wykorzystał dwa opowiadania: Tatarak Jarosława Iwaszkiewicza i Nagłe wezwanie Sándora Máraiego. Najważniejszy wątek filmowy stanowi prywatne wyznanie aktorki Krystyny Jandy, która niedawno straciła męża. W analizie filmu Wajdy można posłużyć się pojęciem mimesis. Paul Ricoeur w „Czasie i opowieści” przekonuje, że mimesis nie jest kategorią jednorodną, wyróżnia jej trzy odmiany. W trzech mimesis Tataraku kryją się różne znaczenia samotności. W mimesis III krzyżują się dwa światy: świat twórcy i świat odbiorcy. Narracja Jandy prowadzi do czynnego rozumienia, czym jest doświadczenie utraty i samotności, jest jego konkretyzacją. Opowiadanie o utracie i samotności jest dla niej także formą terapii.
EN
This article aims to provide in-depth analysis of one of the most overlooked Andrzej Wajda’s films Panna Nikt, which is an adaption of Tomek Tryzna’s novel. In reference to Don Fredericksen’s concept of liminality of the director’s cinema, the author of the article examines the motifs of initiation in the movie. Wajda had a double reason for representing the rite of passage: to tell a story of a girl in her puberty period and to create a metaphor of Poland after the transformation in 1989. Although the director was critical towards cultural changes and the influences of the western pop culture, he tried to capture the audience attention by the use of postmodern aesthetics. Because of this Panna Nikt is full of contradictions and could be regarded as an expression of Wajda’s own, artistic liminality.
JA
20世紀の日本の偉大な作家の一人である三島由紀夫(1925–1970)にとって、中世の能は重要な霊感の源であった。1950年から1962年にかけて、彼は九つの能作品を書き、これらを「近代能楽集」と名付けた。能とは呼ばれるものの、舞台は20世紀であり、登場人物は古典的な作品とは対照的に現代の話し言葉を用い、現代の観客が無理なく理解できるものとなっている。これらの作品は、日本のみならず、海外でも瞬く間に人気を得た。幾つかの作品は英語、ドイツ語、スペイン語、フランス語、そしてポーランド語にも翻訳され、1950年代からはアメリカおよびヨーロッパの舞台で成功を収めた。ポーランドの演出家もこれらの短い劇作品に魅せられ、幾度もポーランドの劇場で上演してきた。既に1965年に、タデウシュ・ウォムニツキは 三島由紀夫の三作品の近代能楽を演出し、それからおよそ30年後、1994年にアンジェイ・ワイダは四作品の舞台化を実現した。若い演出家達は、それによって能に興味を示すようになった。2007年には、アグニェシカ・オルステンとナタリア・ソウティシクの二人の演出家が、三島の能に対する彼女らの解釈を示した。 筆者はこの論文で二つの問題に取り組みたい。第一には、日本の劇作家によって書かれ、西洋とは異なると思われる表現や詩情に満ちた作品が、どのようにポーランドの重鎮とも言える演出家達や若手の関心をひいたのか。第二に、三島由紀夫はどのように中世の能の世界を自身の作品の中に反映させたのか。そしてポーランドの演出家達はこれらの三島作品をどのようにポーランドの文脈の中で発展させていったのかを考察したい。
PL
Artykuł stanowi próbę porównania „Niewinnych czarodziejów” (1960) Andrzeja Wajdy i „Wszystkich nieprzespanych nocy” (2016) Michała Marczaka w kontekście ukazanego w nich obrazu dwóch różnych pokoleń – tzw. złotej młodzieży lat 60. i współczesnej generacji dwudziestolatków. Zdaniem autora sposób opowiadania o młodości, jaki został wykorzystany w tych filmach przez obydwu twórców, jest do siebie w gruncie rzeczy niezwykle zbliżony. W jego opinii obydwie produkcje, pomimo wielu dzielących je lat, bez trudu można uznać za wręcz synonimiczne względem siebie (zarówno na poziomie treści, jak i formy). Każdy z tych utworów jest bowiem uniwersalną w swojej wymowie opowieścią o pokoleniowym – i niezmieniającym się przesadnie z biegiem czasu – doświadczeniu młodych osób.
EN
The article is an attempt to compare “Innocent Sorcerers” (1960) by Andrzej Wajda and “All The Sleepless Nights” (2016) by Michał Marczak in the context of the image of two different generations shown in them – the so-called golden youth of the 1960s and the modern generation of 20-year-olds. According to the author the ways the story of youth is told in these films by both artists, are in fact extremely similar to each other. In his opinion, both these productions, despite many years separating them, can be easily considered synonymous with each other (both at the level of content and form). Each of these works is a universal story about the generational and relatively unchanging over time experience of young people.
EN
Andrzej Wajda’a Sweet Rush (Tatarak) and Petr Zelenka’s The Karamazovs (Karamazovi) are film adaptations of literature. Both directors represent very innovative approach to the literary material. Wajda wanted to depict the theme of death and passing in original way and combined various literary sources: Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz’s short story Sweet Rush, a novelette by Sándor Márai, and Last Notes by Polish actress, Krystyna Janda. Her text is a form of reflection on the death of her husband who was a recognized cinematographer. Wajda also incorporated into the picture scenes revealing the film’s making off. Petr Zelenka’s screen adaptation of the famous novel by Fiodor Dostoievsky is based on the film record of the Prague theater presentation (also based on The Karamazovs) made in the industrial space of the Sendzimir Ironworks inPoland. The recorded spectacle became the opportunity for the director to present his artistic statement on the history and culture of the Middle andEast Europe and the artist’s status nowadays.
PL
The Smell of Heath, Epilepsy and the Pope’s Portrait (Andrzej Wajda’s “Sweet Rush” and Peter Zelenka’s “The Brothers Kramazov”) Andrzej Wajda’a Sweet Rush (Tatarak) and Petr Zelenka’s The Karamazovs (Karamazovi) are film adaptations of literature. Both directors represent very innovative approach to the literary material. Wajda wanted to depict the theme of death and passing in original way and combined various literary sources: Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz’s short story Sweet Rush, a novelette by Sándor Márai, and Last Notes by Polish actress, Krystyna Janda. Her text is a form of reflection on the death of her husband who was a recognized cinematographer. Wajda also incorporated into the picture scenes revealing the film’s making off. Petr Zelenka’s screen adaptation of the famous novel by Fiodor Dostoievsky is based on the film record of the Prague theater presentation (also based on The Karamazovs) made in the industrial space of the Sendzimir Ironworks inPoland. The recorded spectacle became the opportunity for the director to present his artistic statement on the history and culture of the Middle andEast Europe and the artist’s status nowadays.
18
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EN
The subject of the article are the poetics of films made in the Lodz Film School in the first years of its existence. Analysis of selected films allows us to trace the metamorphoses of documentary forms which were sometimes parallel to changes being observed in mainstream documentaries, sometimes preceding them, sometimes imitating them. Documentary school films from this period illustrate one of the most important phenomena in the history of Polish documentary cinema: the transition from a persuasive document to an observation film whose poetics are the basis for defining the documentary in Poland.
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