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Der Krieg der Karten: Geografen und Grenzziehungen in Ostmittel- und Südosteuropa 1914–1920

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Górny M.
Střed. Časopis pro mezioborová studia Střední Evropy 19. a 20. století. / Centre. Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies of Central Europe in the 19th and 20th Centuries.
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2013
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vol. 5
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issue 1
9-39
EN
The author analyses professional geographical narratives centered upon the borders in East Central and Southeast Europe in the context of the First World War. It is argued that they represent a regional equivalent of nationalistic mobilization of intellectuals’ characteristic for Western Europe and broadly referred to as ‘spiritual war’ (Krieg der Geister). Typically, they tended to employ the newest methodological trends (notably anthropogeography) together with inspirations from the tradition of national characterology (or ethnopsychology). They also participated in the international discussions on the question of ‘natural’ borders. The main fronts of ‘the war of maps’ spread mostly around territorial claims in the region: the German expansion to the East, the conflict between Bulgaria and Serbia in Macedonia, the Polish-Ukrainian border conflict, hostilities between Italy and Serbia etc. The expertise of the East Central and Southeast European geographers was, then, instrumental for the reshaping of the region following the decisions of the Peace Conference. Finally, professional techniques and modes of argumentation used by the region’s geographers inspired interwar revisionist campaigns in Hungary and Germany.
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“Futuristic geography”. The role of geographers in shaping the borders of East Central and South‑Eastern Europe, 1914‑1920

100%
Górny M.
Studia z Dziejów Rosji i Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej
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2013
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vol. 48
EN
This article represents an attempt to analyse the political desiderata underlying the activities of East Central European geographers during the First World War and in its immediate aftermath. These scholars, drawing on the achievements of German and French geographical studies, and who were frequently graduates from western European universities, employed sophisticated research tools and arguments in the service of legitimising national interests. The apogee of the political impact of their intellectual concepts came during the peace negotiations in Paris, but indirect evidence of the efficacy of this generation of geographers in the region can also be seen in the fact that they were to become points of reference and arsenals of knowledge utilized by the interwar revisionist propaganda of Germany and Hungary.
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Idee antropogeograficzne w pracach Marii Dobrowolskiej (1895–1984)

67%
Wójcik M.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Geographica Socio-Oeconomica
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2016
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issue 26
5-19
EN
Polish anthropogeography, especially of the interwar period, still remains one of the key periods of reference in studies of geographical variation in research patterns and approaches. These issues are especially interesting in the case of geographers, whose scientific careers were shaped by various events that changed the history of the country and the nation. The main objective of this paper is to identify the guiding concepts of the author, that on one hand formed certain unchanging theoretical and methodological stances in the Second Republic, while on the other served as a modernisation of such assumptions based on political and ideological conditions. Many works referring to the idea of social evolution (e.g. the evolution of the agricultural landscape) had not been completed or published before 1939, while post-war assumptions and conclusions were heavily influenced by the interpretations of variable social and economic structures based on Marxist ideology. This created a methodologically eclectic interpretation of transformations. The work of Maria Dobrowolska discussing the transformation of cultural landscape and the variability in settlement over the ages also adhered to this. Anthropogeography, whose ambitious goal was to strive for a holistic explanation, corresponded well with the concepts of social evolution that used the analogies of organic wholes. Geography’s emphasis on the relationship between the humans and the natural environment reinforced in geographers formed in the inter-war period the feeling that organicism was an adequate method of inquiry into social development in the context of environmental variability and spatial mobility, which was definitely visible in M. Dobrowolska’s works on the evolution of cultural landscape and settlement network, especially following World War II.
PL
Antropogeografia polska, zwłaszcza okresu międzywojennego, pozostaje jednym z kluczowych okresów do odniesień w badaniach nad zmiennością geograficznych wzorców i podejść badawczych. Szczególnie interesująco wyglądają te kwestie w przypadku geografów, których droga naukowa warunkowana była przez różne wydarzenia zmieniające bieg historii państwa i narodu. Zasadniczym celem opracowania jest próba identyfikacji przewodnich myśli autorki o charakterze koncepcyjnym, które z jednej strony decydowały o pewnych niezmiennych postawach teoretyczno-metodologicznych ukształtowanych w okresie II Rzeczpospolitej, z drugiej zaś stanowiły modernizację tych założeń pod wpływem uwarunkowań o charakterze polityczno-ideologicznym. Wiele prac odwołujących się do idei ewolucjonizmu społecznego (np. ewolucja krajobrazu rolniczego) nie zostało zakończonych lub uwieńczonych publikacją do 1939 roku, a po wojnie na założenia oraz wnioski wpływały interpretacje zmienności struktur społeczno-gospodarczych w duchu ideologii marksistowskiej. Tworzyło to eklektyczną metodologicznie interpretację przemian. Prace Marii Dobrowolskiej w zakresie przemian krajobrazu kulturowego oraz zmienności osadnictwa w ciągu wieków miały również taki charakter. Antropogeografia, której ambitnym celem było dążenie do wyjaśniania całościowego, dobrze korespondowała z koncepcjami ewolucji społecznej operującymi analogiami organicznych całości. Podkreślanie przez geografię związku człowieka ze środowiskiem przyrodniczym wzmacniało w geografach ukształtowanych w okresie międzywojennym adekwatność organicyzmu do badań rozwoju społecznego w kontekście zróżnicowań środowiska naturalnego oraz ruchliwości przestrzennej, co niewątpliwie było cechą badań M. Dobrowolskiej nad ewolucją krajobrazu kulturowego i sieci osadniczej, zwłaszcza w okresie po II wojnie światowej.
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