Search results

1

Analysis, Typology, and Chronology of Stuccos in the Palace of Kuh-e Khvājeh

100%

VASEGH ABBASI Z., MEHRAFARIN R., MOSAVI HAJI S. R.

Historia i Świat

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2018

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issue 7

111-128

EN

Due to its strategic and unique location, Mount Oshida (Kuh-e Khvājeh) in the Sistān plain, has been alternatively used since a long time ago to this date. On the southern slope of this mountain, the ruins of a palace known as Qalʿa-ye Kāferān appear after the Muslims’ arrival and domination over the region. This castle was explored and excavated during the second and third decades of the twentieth century by scholars such as Stein and Herzfeld, and its decorations have been widely mentioned. However, its stuccos have not been analyzed in terms of their types, forms, and patterns up to this date. Hence, there are some disagreements about their construction date, as some scholars consider these architectural decorations to belong to the Parthian period while others connect them with the Sasanian period. In the present research, it has been attempted to study and evaluate the stuccos in the palace of Kuh-e Khvājeh in the framework of a typological comparison according to the archaeological evidence and historical documents, so that a clear understanding of the historical situation and construction date of these works can be obtained. The research method of the current study has been based upon documentary sources and archaeological evidence. Reviewing the previously performed studies and excavations, along with the comparison and typology of stuccos obtained from other sites, leads usto the conclusion that the stuccos found on this site belong to the Sasanian period in terms of shape, form and decoration.

2

The pottery from the site of Wakarida

88%

Benoist A., Bernard V., Verdellet C.

Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean

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2020

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vol. 29(1)

EN

Excavations carried out between 2012 and 2014 at Wakarida in north-eastern Tigray has brought to light a huge quantity of pottery distributed in the different levels identified on the site. This contribution presents the different pottery assemblages collected and proposes a periodization of the occupation of Wakarida city in two main periods called Period I and Period II, with period I including two successive phases (IA and IB). Pottery comparisons and 14C dating allow a first dating of both assemblages.

3

MISCELLANEA: Ethnicity in Archaeological Studies, based on a Case Study of East Pomerania during the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age (1100–400 BC)

88%

Niedziółka K.

Miscellanea Anthropologica et Sociologica

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2014

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vol. 15(4)

PL

The study of ethnicity is an exceptionally controversial subject in current archaeologicalinvestigations. This issue has also frequently appeared in polish prehistoric literaturefrom the very beginning of archaeology till the present. The problem is that archaeologyin Poland is still under strong influence from a conservative, culture-historical paradigm.This methodological approach leads to the desire to make simple connections betweenmaterial remains, discovered by archaeologists, with specific categories of ethnicity. If weadd to this various efforts to use archaeology in the legitimation of modern ethnic andnational claims, we can imagine how complicated these sorts of studies can become.The main aim of this paper is to show the history of investigations set to define theethnic character of the people who inhabited polish lands in prehistory. The author willfocus especially on the area of East Pomerania during the Late Bronze Age and Early IronAge due to the live discussions among scholars concerning the ethnic origin of societiesfrom that area. At the end of this article a new perspective in research into ethnicity will beoutlined with special attention to the need for an interdisciplinary approach to this topic.

4

Paper Armor, the Forgotten Defense

88%

RANDALL K. C.

Historia i Świat

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2018

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issue 7

157-173

EN

This paper investigates the history and construction of paper armor, tracing its roots from Tang dynasty China, across Asia and India and into Western Europe. Source material is examined in detail to provide clues as to paper's first use in armor, how its construction style evolved, its migration, and effectiveness against period weapons from its point of origin through nineteenth century. While paper armor was by no means invulnerable, provided an inexpensive defense against swords, arrows, spears and even muskets for over a thousandyears.

5

Раннесредневековая латная рукавица из Сочинского района Краснодарского края (предварительное сообщение)

88%

BARYSHEV A., RADJUSH O.

Historia i Świat

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2018

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issue 7

129-139

EN

This article assumes the introduction into scientific circulation of one of the rare items of the early medieval defensive weapons - a armoured glove. Details of the mitten and fibula are found in the Sochi district of the Krasnodar Region near the village of Lesnoye. Published items come from the amateur illegal excavations of the early 2000s, but are currently in the funds of the State Historical Museum in Moscow. In the note are drawings and photographs of things, as well as data of spectral analysis of the metal. Judging by the dating of the buckle from the destroyed complex, the findings should be attributed to the second half of the 6th century CE.

6

Datacja reliefów Szapura I

88%

Maksymiuk K.

Historia i Świat

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2012

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issue 1

13-43

EN

It is assumed that eight Sasanid reliefs were carved during the reign of Shapur I in 242 – 272. There is no doubt that seven of them: NRb I, NRb IV, NRm VI, VŠ I, VŠ II, VŠ III as well as that one from Rag-i Bibi depict the ruler. Identification of the king in relief from Darabgerd is subject of further disputes. What enforces dating reliefs at Naqsh-i Rajab to 242 – 244 is lack of portrayals of enemies defeated by Shapur. Starting point for more precise dating of so called triumph reliefs is identification of persons appearing in them. There is no doubt about the relief at Naqsh-i Rustam. On the basis of ŠKZ text one ought to assume that it shows Philip the Arab and Valerian thus it should be dated to 260 – 272. The problem is over dating of reliefs at Bishapur. Damages of VŠ I relief allow only identification of Philip the Arab and Gordian III that is why dating can be precise to solely 244-272. Lively discussion elicit another two reliefs of Shapur I at Bishapur . One of the most interesting hypotheses seems to be thesis advanced by B. Overlaet that Uranius Antoninus is the figure standing next to the king. Recognition of black stone of Emesa in VŠ III relief maintains the thesis. As far as stone identification seems to be sure one should deliberate if Shapur I would place in the relief a person recognized by him as not equal to himself. It is unlikely from propaganda viewpoint. In that case we can refer to the king relation to Septimius Odenathus with whom he even did not start dialog. If we interpret the arrangement of relief we have to point that its composition refers to sculptures from Apadana in Persepolis. In the context of military activities and devastations of Syria by Persian forces one should not be astonished at symbolic representation of bringing gifts Syrians. For late dating of triumph reliefs indicates their asymmetrical composition which is untypical in case of Persian sculptures. One should recognize that they could be carved by Roman craftsmen deported by Shapur I during wars with western neighbour. Anyway it does not help in more precise dating because first deportation took place already in 253. Taking Valerian as prisoner seems to be the most important success of Shapur I. The emperor undoubtedly was residing at Bishapur so in a natural way he was put in both VŠ II and VŠ III reliefs what allows their dating to 260-272. The above mentioned speculations do not make easier dating of the most controversial relief from Darabgerd what will be undoubtedly subject of future disputes.

7

Renesanční podoba Pražského hradu z archeologického pohledu

75%

Blažková G.

Historie – Otázky – Problémy (History, Issues, Problems)

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2015

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vol. 7

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issue 2

121-134

EN

This study is based on archaeological sources: a group of cesspits from houses along the north and west sides of the 3rd courtyard of the Prague Castle. A combination of historical plans, written and archaeological sources makes it possible to date all of the studied cesspits with a high degree of accuracy. The find assemblages are to be dated to different decades of the second half of the 15th and the first half of the 18th century. Analyses of the cesspits indicate a differentiated social milieu. Church dignitaries created lavish assemblages. Individual luxury items appeared in the milieu which we associate with the imperial court and several of its officials. Also represented is a cesspit from a common environment (owned by a blacksmith). Whether the higher proportional representation of pans, bowls, and bottles indicates the operation of an inn in Vikářská Street, we do not know.

8

W poszukiwaniu standardów nauczania prahistorii i archeologii pradziejowej na kierunkach humanistycznych w Polsce

75%

Ciesielska A.

Przegląd Archeologiczny

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2012

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vol. 60

133-140

EN

Since the beginning of the 20ties century in Poland archaeology has become a separate course at the university. From the history of archaeology we know that our discipline was first taught at the University in Lvov (Lwów), then at the University in Kraków and after the World War I the Department of Archaeology as a separate direction at the university have been established at the University in Warsaw (Warszawa) and in Poznań. Along with the increase of education and with the advent of many specializations within the humanisties alone, especially within the history but also within ethnology and cultural anthropology and established within the last decade new university courses such as: Ochrona Dóbr Kultury (Cultural Heritage); Muzealnictwo (Museums Studies); Krajoznastwo (Landscape Studies); Turystyka – turystyka historyczna (Historical Tourism) i turystyka kulturowa (Cultural Tourism), for each of this course one archaeological subject is predicted. This subject is taught under the name dependent on the discipline, it is called: Prehistoric Europe/Prehisotry of Polish Lands/Prehistoric Cultures. This subject should be treated as mandatory according to some ministerial standards, but very small number of hours is dedicated to it, usually is 30 hours of lectures in one semester. In my article I try to look at the current Polish situation and gather some observations concerning syllabuses and textbooks. On the bases of my observations I try to identify some bullet points which can be used as the guided items for the discussion concerning the goals , effects, learning outcomes of this type of university lectures.

9

The Investigation of residential architecture in the Bronze Age. Tape Yal (Yalda), Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran

75%

OVEISI-KEIKHA Z., KAVOSH H.

Historia i Świat

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2023

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issue 12

9–30

EN

The first villages were formed during the Neolithic period, when people began building residential architecture. Villages continued to exist in Iran until the 2nd half of the 4th millennium BC, when the first cities appeared. Settlement in Shahr-i Sokhta had begun during this period, and in the 3rd millennium BC, the city’s size expanded and many related-settlement sites were formed in the Sistan plain. A prominent related-settlement site of Shahr-i Sokhta is Tape Yal or Taleb Khan 2, located 11 kilometres from the city. An excavation was conducted at this site by one of the author. This article analyses the architectural features of this site, a Bronze Age village of the Hirmand civilization, based on the findings of this excavation. It has been determined that this site contains residential buildings, workshops, and storage rooms with mudbrick construction. The above residential buildings probably belonged to the craftsmen of this village who lived next to their workshops.

10

Sasanian horse armor

75%

Skupniewicz P.

Historia i Świat

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2014

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issue 3

35-59

EN

The goal of the paper is to define general types and the evolution of horse armor employed by elite warriors of Sasanian Iran, basing on literary sources and iconographical evidence with minor reference to archaeological finds in wider Eurasian perspective. The horse armor was an important part of cavalry equipment already in the chariot warfare however its re-emergence in mounted combat occurred when heavy cavalry was developed. The article divides Sasanian horse armor into several groups: 1. One-piece body protection, which overall cover mounts body the way modern horse blankets do. Within the group one may find following subgroups: 1.a Caparisons – known from numerous works of art (rock reliefs illustrating scenes of mounted combat at Firusbad and Nakš e Rostam as well as the on so-called Shapur cameo currently held in Louvre) having long Near Eastern and Eurasian tradition. 1.b Scale barding – which in fact is a sort of caparison covered with metallic scales sewn onto textile horse blanket, testified by literary sources, known from archaeological evidence from Dura Europos (despite the fact that these examples belonged to Roman cavalry, it is clear that they were fashioned in Iranian manner). Scale bardings of the type are known also from the works of art like graffito from Dura Europos, Trajan’s column, sculpture of Khalchayan and late Parthian Tang e Sarvak frieze. 1.c Chain mail horse armor – lacking strong and direct evidence from Sasanian period, iconography which may depict horses protected with chain-mail is rather crude however despite hypothetical nature, this sort of horse armor is very likely employed in Sasanian warfare. 2. Bardings composed of multiple elements and fragmentary bardings covering a part of the mount. Again these this group can be divided into two sub-groups: 2.a Full lamellar/laminar barding – can be identified on the sculpture of Khalchayan and late Parthian frieze Tang e Sarvak as well as on the seals of Late Sasanian spahbedan. They find numerous Central Asian (Old Turkic) and Far Eastern refernces. 2.b Fragmentary barding, best known from Taq e Bostan sculpture of an equestrian figure but with Central Asian, Chinese and Byzantine references. Following phases of barding development in ancient and early mediaeval Iran can be determined: 1. Late Achaemenid when armored cavalry required some protection for horses after employing shock tactics and subsequent close combat. 2. Mid Parthian, influenced by invasions of the steppe dwellers initiated by Xiong Nu expansion. Developed locally later. 3. Late Sasanian – resulting from contacts with Turkic warriors who transmitted some Eastern military technologies to Iran and through Avar influence to Europe.

11

Przedstawienie irańskich końskich pancerzy w azerbejdżańskim romansie Varqa i Gulshah z początku 13 wieku. O sasanidzkiej? genezie elementu końskiego oporządzenia w okresie seldżuckim

75%

Kubik A.

Historia i Świat

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2014

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issue 3

61-71

EN

The richly illustrated 13th century Seljuk manuscript Varqa and Gulshah from Azerbaijan provides a number of lavish miniatures, some depicting armored warriors riding horses covered with richly decorated caparisons. The illustrations show that the long caparisons were multi-layered, an indication that they were designed to provide offer some protection for the mounts. Despite the scholars’ opposing opinions, the author maintains that caparisons were well established in Islamic armies as attested by literary sources and iconography. Moreover, the existence of rich terminology concerning different types of horse armor clearly evidences the relative popularity of horse protection. Although the bardings had been were known in by various cultures for in the millennia before the Seljuks, however, the direct inspiration for the appearance of caparisons at that time should must be associated with the Sasanian tradition. Furthermore, the article discusses protective properties qualities of caparisons in which these were provided in a variety of fashions. Firstly, protection was provided could be afforded simply by padding consisting of using a number of textile layers. For instance, metallic armor such as maille or leather armor such as lamellar could have been were stitched into the padded or fabric barding. The – the former is attested in the Islamic world but can be traced back to earlier Iranian traditions.; The evidence for the latter type comes is evidenced from Firuzabad reliefs. However, scattered metal plates attached to the caparisons in random patterns, do not seem to have had any protective function; value they and were merely a the part of decoration. Post-Sasanian origin of Seljuk protective caparisons should be found well evidenced and most probable.

12

Cairn Burial of the historical period around Khansaar dam, Toujerdi district of Fars province, Iran

75%

KHANIPOUR M., MOLAEI KORDSHOULI H.

Historia i Świat

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2023

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issue 12

59–72

EN

In the historical period, the Fars region in Iran was one of the most important cultural areas in the world, and it is considered the origin of the ancient Achaemenid and Sasanian empires. Although some areas of Sarchahan county have been studied well, no archaeological survey has been conducted there until the construction of Khansaar Dam and rescue operations in its area. As part of an archaeological survey in the Toujerdi district of Sarchahan county, 92 cairn burials were found. According to the survey conducted in five areas around Khansaar Dam, the distribution of cairn burials, commonly known as Khereftkhaneh, has been identified. From Pakistan to the west of Iran, this type of burial method can be observed, and the burials of Toujerdi region can be considered associated with burials from the Parthian and Sasanian periods.

13

Historical European Martial Art a crossroad between academic research, martial heritage re-creation and martial sport practices

63%

Jaquet D., Sørensen C. F., Fabrice Cognot independent researcher fab.cognot@gmail.com

Acta Periodica Duellatorum

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2015

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vol. 2015

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issue 1

5-35

EN

Historical European martial arts (HEMA) have to be considered an important part of our common European cultural heritage. Studies within this field of research have the potential to enlighten the puzzle posed by past societies, for example in the field of history, history of science and technology, or fields related to material culture. The military aspects of history are still to be considered among the most popular themes of modern times, generating huge public interest. In the last few decades, serious HEMA study groups have started appearing all over the world – focusing on re-creating a lost martial art. The terminology “Historical European Martial Arts” therefore also refers to modem-day practices of ancient martial arts. Many of these groups focus on a “hands-on” approach, thus bringing practical experience and observation to enlighten their interpretation of the source material. However, most of the time, they do not establish inquiries based on scientific research, nor do they follow methodologies that allow for a critical analysis of the findings or observations. This paper will therefore propose and discuss, ideas on how to bridge the gap between enthusiasts and scholars; since their embodied knowledge, acquired by practice, is of tremendous value for scientific inquiries and scientific experimentation. It will also address HEMA practices in the context of modern day acceptance of experimental (or experiential) processes and their value for research purposes and restoration of an historical praxis. The goal is therefore to sketch relevant methodological and theoretical elements, suitable for a multidisciplinary approach, to HEMA, where the “H” for “historical” matters.

14

Czy możliwe jest odczytanie dysku z Fajstos?

63%

Handzel Z., Gajer M.

Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Ekonomii i Informatyki w Krakowie

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2017

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issue 13

104-117

XX

Obecnie dysk z Fajstos jest bardzo dobrze znanym zabytkiem archeologicznym, który został odnaleziony w 1908 roku przez włoskiego archeologa L. Perniera w ruinach minojskiego pałacu położonego na Krecie w pobliżu miejscowości Fajstos. Uważa się także dość powszechnie, że dysk z Fajstos zawiera zapis tekstu w jakimś języku naturalnym, który został sporządzony przy użyciu pisma sylabicznego. Jednak bardziej szczegółowe analizy pozwalają ujawnić, że dysk z Fajstos zawiera również liczne anomalie o charakterze statystycznym. W artykule autorzy podejmują próbę odpowiedzi na pytanie czy pewne złożone wzory geometryczne oraz innego rodzaju anomalie statystyczne mogły powstać w sposób spontaniczny podczas procesu sporządzania inskrypcji zawartej na powierzchni dysku. Analizy przeprowadzone przez autorów jednoznacznie dowodzą, że rozważane wzory geometryczne, a także i pozostałe anomalie statystyczne, zostały z całą pewnością wykonane w sposób intencjonalny, w związku z czym zachodzą uzasadnione podejrzenia, że dysk z Fajstos nie zawiera w ogóle żadnego tekstu zapisanego w jakimkolwiek języku, a wszelkie próby jego odczytania czynione są na próżno, ponieważ są z gruntu pozbawione jakiegokolwiek sensu. (abstrakt oryginalny)

EN

The Phaistos Disc is now-a-days a very well-known archeological artifact that was found by the Italian scientist L. Pernier in 1908 during his excavations in Crete in the ruins of the Minoan palace in the vicinity of the town of Phaistos. It is commonly believed that the Phaistos Disc contains a natural language text written with the use of some kind of a syllabic script. But in closer analysis it becomes clear that the Phaistos disc contains many statistical anomalies. The aim of the paper is to attempt to answer the question whether it is possible that some compound geometrical patterns and other statistical anomalies could appear at random during the process of writing. The findings strongly suggest that the geometrical patterns and other statistical anomalies on the Phaistos Disc were made intentionally and for this reason it is highly possible that this object does not contain any natural language text and all trials of its decipherment are made in vain, because they have no sense at all.(original abstract)

15

A systematic survey of Ardashir Palace’s Stronghold at Tol-e Khezr, Firuzabad Plain in Fars Province, Iran

63%

ABBASNIA H., ASKARI CHAVERDI A.

Historia i Świat

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2023

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issue 12

111–138

EN

This research investigated the archaeological site of Tol-e Khezr in Firuzabad with the purpose of establishing a relative chronology. This site is among those whose pottery has been less extensively studied, and it also boasts a strategic location. Therefore, the site of Tol-e Khezr was selected for systematic sampling and investigation of its structures to ascertain its relative chronology and usage as accurately as possible. A methodical approach was chosen for the investigation of Tol-e Khezr, consisting of three steps: mapping, sampling, and documentation of the findings (including washing the pottery, registering the pottery fragments, entering the information of the findings into SPSS software, selecting the diagnostic samples, drawing the diagnostic samples, and photographing the samples). In this methodical way, 50% of all grids were sampled, with the form of every other grid. This included 30 grids of 10 x 10 meters. The number of all gathered pottery comprised 644 pieces. To interpret the pottery, we considered 12 variables for them, and the information on each piece was entered into the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) according to these variables. One of the most essential classifications relates to the typology of Tol-e Khezr pottery forms, which parallels various surveyed and excavated areas' findings in Iran and beyond. Furthermore, the survey revealed that, in addition to typical pottery, three distinct types of ceramic were identified: coarse with raised bands, glazed (alkaline), and ceramics with a dark slip coating. At this firm, architecture and its details in visible and exposed areas were documented, described, analyzed, and compared.

16

Zapomniany wczesnośredniowieczny pochówek łodziowy ze Szczecina

63%

Kajkowski K., Kotowicz P. N.

Materiały Zachodniopomorskie

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2015

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vol. 11

123-136

EN

Abstract: The article concerns a boat burial containing the skeleton of a man and furnished with an iron axe head and three bone skates, discovered in 1889 in Szczecin and then completely forgotten. Based on the analysis of the archives and the examination of the axe head, the authors date the find to the 11th century and consider it a burial of a representative of an elite originating from Pomerania or the Baltic Slavic area.

17

Interconnectivity of the Vardar and Struma river valleys. Some hints to the understanding of the south-eastern Balkans role in the 2nd millennium BC

63%

Bahyrycz C.

Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia

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2022

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vol. 27

9-38

EN

The Vardar and Struma rivers flow through the south-eastern Balkans, creating valleys which have been inhabited by human populations for thousands of years. From an archaeological perspective, from Neolithic times these corridors have long been considered crucial for establishing cultural, trade, and social networks, developed later by the emergence of cultural complexes of Late Bronze Age. This area was incorporated into wide archaeological frameworks of interregional interaction, namely – the world-system theory and its variants. The aim of this paper is an attempt to apply these theoretical models as well as concept of “contact space” to human interactions in the Vardar and Struma rivers’ valleys in the 2nd millennium BC. It analysis bases on tableware pottery evidences with data concerning presence of defensive outposts within easy to control mountainous paths, as well as chosen information deriving from funeral rites. These data may provide insights into the communication networks in south-eastern Balkans and mentioned river valleys may seem as an important area of mutual influences.

18

Gabinet archeologii antycznej przy Liceum Hosianum w Braniewie w drugiej połowie XIX wieku

63%

Jodkowski M.

Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie

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2023

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vol. 322

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issue 3

383-398

EN

The article concerns the origins and functioning of the Office of Ancient Archaeology at the Hosianum Secondary School in Braniewo in the second half of the 19th century. Its establishment was initiated in the early 1980s by a university lecturer, Wilhelm Weissbrodt. Initially, he wanted to obtain plaster casts of ancient works of art that would serve as teaching aids during classes. He gained wide support for creating the collections thanks to sharing them with educational institutions and private individuals. In 1892, the cast collection already consisted of approximately 260 items. In 1896, they started collecting original antique works. In addition to the collection of fine art, the facility also collected epigraphic artefacts, coins and seals. The collection's scientific base included professional scientific publications in the field of archaeology and ancient art.

PL

Artykuł dotyczy genezy i funkcjonowania gabinetu archeologii antycznej przy Liceum Hosianum w Braniewie w drugiej połowie XIX wieku. Jego tworzenie zainicjował na początku lat osiemdziesiątych tego wieku wykładowca uczelni Wilhelm Weissbrodt. Początkowo kierował się chęcią pozyskania odlewów gipsowych dzieł sztuki antycznej, które służyłyby jako pomoc dydaktyczna w realizacji zajęć licealnych. Szerokie poparcie dotyczące tworzenia zbiorów zyskał dzięki ich udostępnianiu na rzecz placówek oświatowych, czy osób prywatnych. W 1892 r. kolekcja odlewów liczyła już około 260 obiektów. W 1896 r. zainicjowano gromadzenie oryginałów z czasów antycznych. Poza kolekcją obejmującą sztukę plastyczną, gromadzono także zabytki epigraficzne, monety oraz pieczęcie. Zapleczem naukowym zbiorów były również fachowe wydawnictwa naukowe z dziedziny archeologii i sztuki antycznej.

19

Lost in Translation: Discussing the Positive Contribution of Hobbyist Metal Detecting

51%

Ferguson N.

Open Archaeology

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2016

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vol. 2

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issue 1

EN

This paper will consider the positive contribution from hobbyist metal detecting from both the perspective of the archaeological and metal detecting community. Are we currently opting for a path of least resistance with a ‘better than nothing’ approach to encourage reporting and to maintain good working relationships, even if it risks the loss of valuable archaeological information? Using selected case studies, as well as the results of a recent research project, this paper will draw on the perspective of both archaeologists and hobbyist metal detectorists to further understand what it is to have a responsible and constructive nonprofessional interaction with the archaeological record.

20

Pommern und das Ende der wikingerzeit. Bruch oder kontinuität?

51%

Adamczyk D.

Studia Maritima

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2019

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vol. 32

13-27

DE

Im Mittelpunkt des Beitrags steht die Frage, inwieweit das Ende der als Wikingerzeit bekannten Epoche in der zweiten Hälfte des 11. Jahrhunderts auf Pommern eingewirkt hat. Anhand archäologischer und numismatischer Befunde sowie schriftlicher Quellen werden die Entwicklungslinien der drei wichtigsten Siedlungskomplexe Wollin, Stettin und Kołobrzeg-Budzistowo skizziert. Dabei suggeriert die Anzahl der Schatzfunde, dass die Bedeutung Wollins bereits an der Wende vom 10. zum 11. Jahrhundert zurückging – also noch vor dem Raubzug des Dänenkönigs Magnus im Jahr 1043 und der geltenden Datierung der von Archäologen freigelegten Brandschichten innerhalb der Siedlung. Die Einzelfunde von Münzen deuten jedoch auf eine gewisse (freilich deutlich schwächere) Münzzirkulation bis zum Ende des 11. Jahrhunderts hin. Die Befunde aus Stettin und Kołobrzeg-Budzistowo weisen ebenfalls einen ambivalenten Charakter auf. Einerseits fällt die Zahl der Schatz- und Streufunde relativ gering aus. Andererseits legen die Grabungen einen Ausbau des jeweiligen Siedlungskomplexes in der zweiten Hälfte des 11. Jahrhunderts nahe. Folglich ist festzuhalten, dass politische Turbulenzen im westlichen Küstenbereich der Ostsee um 1050 keineswegs den Zusammenbruch ökonomischer und gesellschaftlicher Strukturen in Pommern verursacht haben.

EN

The article focuses on the question, to what extent the end of the Viking age in the second half of the eleventh century influenced western Pomerania. Based on archaeological and numismatic evidence as well as on written sources the development of the most significant settlements, Wollin, Stettin und Kołobrzeg-Budzistowo, is sketched. Thus, the number of hoards from Wollin suggests that the importance of the settlement complex decreased already at the turn of the tenth and eleventh century – before the Danish attack in 1043 and perhaps before the dating of burned layers inside the settlement complex. Stray finds of coins, in contrast, indicate some circulation until the end of the eleventh century – however, the influx of silver after c. 1050 seems weaker than during the tenth century. The archaeological and numismatic evidence from Stettin und Kołobrzeg-Budzistowo allows two conclusions: on one hand the number of hoard and stray finds is low. On the other hand, excavations illustrate an enlargement of these settlements in the second half of the eleventh century. Logically, the political turmoil taking place in the western part of the Baltic Sea around 1050 did not cause a collapse of economic and social structures in Pomerania.

PL

Punktem wyjścia tekstu jest pytanie, na ile zmierzch epoki wikingów w drugiej połowie XI w. wpłynął na Pomorze. Na podstawie archeologicznych i numizmatycznych odkryć oraz źródeł pisanych zostają nakreślone główne linie rozwojowe Wolina, Szczecina i Kołobrzegu-Budzistowa. Sądząc na podstawie liczby skarbów należy stwierdzić, że znaczenia Wolina zmniejszyło się już na przełomie X i XI w. – czyli przed wyprawą rabunkową króla duńskiego Magnusa w 1043 r. i przed obowiązującą w archeologii chronologią warstw spalenizny wewnątrz kompleksu osadniczego. Znaleziska pojedyncze monet z kolei wskazują na jej obieg (aczkolwiek nieco słabszy) do końca XI w. Wyniki badań z Kołobrzegu-Budzistowa i Szczecina mają również ambiwalentny charakter. Z jednej strony liczba skarbów oraz pojedynczych monet jest niska, z drugiej strony pokazują wykopaliska, że osady te rozbudowano po 1050 r. Podsumowując, stwierdzamy brak załamania ekonomicznych i społecznych struktur na Pomorzu na wskutek politycznych zawirowań połowy XI stulecia.

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