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EN
Jan Karski, Auschwitz i wiadomości o Holokauście
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Salezjanie w obozie Auschwitz

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The process of beatification of the second group of World War II martyrs provided an opportunity to remember among those Servants of God eight Salesians who were prisoners at the Auschwitz camp. In 1999, Fr. Joseph Kowalski was already added to the group of those beatified. Between the years 1940-1945, at least 1, 300, 000 people were taken to the Auschwitz concentration camp. Among this number were 464 priests, monks, and seminarians and 35 nuns from Poland and other countries of occupied Europe. Most of them perished in Auschwitz or other camps to which they were transferred. Among those imprisoned in Auschwitz, there were 22 Salesians whose fate well illustrates the fate of all the clergy in the camp. Many of them (13) died in the camp, some very shortly after registration at the camp. Two more died after being transferred to Dachau, and one to Neuengamme. Only 6 survived the war out of the group of Salesians relocated to Dachau where clergy imprisoned in various camps were starting to be concentrated. This article recalls the circumstances of their arrest and fate in the camp. This historical research was based on preserved camp records as well as the testimonies of survivors who had been in contact with the Salesians during their stay in the camp.
EN
The smoke stacks of Auschwitz have changed our perception of the world for ever, and even though so many years have passed since the end of the 2nd world war, the memory of the Holocaust is still alive. A great merit can be attributed to the artists, who constantly remind us of the time of Shoah with their works. The most visible here are the „monument” realizations in Treblinka (by Franciszek Duszeńko and Adam Haupt), Belżec (by Zdzisław Pidek with the team: Marcin Roszczyk and Andrzej Sołtyga), Buchenwald (by Horst Hoheisel and Andreas Knitz), as well as Berlin (Peter Eisenman’s project), in which the main emphasis was put not only on the sculptural form, but rather on the commemorative aspect of each concept. The memory of Shoah and the motif of death have become one of the main factors changing the aesthetics of the second part of the 20th century. Wywód otwiera analiza najważniejszych założeń pomnikowych, następnie autor omawia wybrane realizacje artystyczne, zarówno malarskie jak i instalacyjne, całość kończy zaś przykładami podejmowania tego tematu w książkach obrazkowych dla dzieci. The disquisition is started with the analysis of the most important monument concepts, then the author discusses selected artistic realisations, both from the field of painting and installation art, while the whole is concluded with examples of treating this subject in picture books for kids.
PL
Bartłomiej Szyprowski dokonał recenzji publikacji: Marcin Dziubek, Niezłomni z oddziału „Sosienki”. Armia Krajowa wokół KL Auschwitz. Nowe spojrzenie, Stowarzyszenie Auschwitz memento, Kraków 2016.
EN
In this paper I investigate the tradition of “philosophy” and “philosopher” with respect to their importance in Christianity. I argue that the meaning of the traditional notion of philosophy as an abstract science has importantly changed. The reason for this is that the “cosmo-theological” character of traditional philosophy proved to be untenable. If this pattern is not valid in our days, then the question arises if the role of philosophy, as conceived during the Christian centuries, can be continued in and beyond our age. My answer has two aspects: on the one hand, the cosmo-theological character of philosophy needs to be explored or “demythologized;” on the other hand, Christian thought still has the potential to open itself to a future renewal. Thinking philosophically is a fundamental human feature, and I suggest that “trying to become wise,” the striving for the discovery and realization of the meaningfulness of reality is still the main concern of human beings reflecting on their historical existence today. In this sense, the encyclical letter of Fides et ratio by John Paul II offers guidance, inasmuch as its author calls for “courage” in thinking. Following this call, the present paper contends that the three mains tasks of a Christian philosophy today are as follows: 1. A sufficient understanding of the tradition determined by cosmo-theology; 2. A sufficient understanding of the importance of the trauma of totalitarianism of the twentieth century as the dividing line between tradition and contemporary reflections; and 3. A sufficient understanding of human beings striving to grasp the meaning of personhood in an open universe on the basis of the meaningfulness of reality.
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PL
Autor idzie śladem historyka Adama Cyry w problematyzowaniu twierdzenia, że Wi told Pilecki poszedł „na ochotnika” do Auschwitz. Korzysta z 15-stronicowego dokumentu, zatytułowanego „W jaki sposób znalazłem się w Oświęcimiu”, napisanego przez Pileckiego, który zawiera szczegóły dotychczas pomijane przez naukowców. Autor zwraca uwagę na spory wewnątrz Tajnej Armii Polskiej, dotyczące wcielenia jej do Związku Walki Zbrojnej i restrykcyjnej przysięgi na wierność, uznając je za ważne czynniki, które zachęciły zwierzchnika Pileckiego – Jana Włodarkiewicza – do przekonania go, aby podjął się misji zorganizowania grupy oporu w obozie. Okoliczności, jakie doprowadziły do tego, że Pilecki dał się aresztować, rzucają światło na polityczne rozgrywki w lecie 1940 roku, toczące się wśród części polskiego podziemia
EN
In the 1980's and 90's The Auschwitz-Birkenau Museum was witness to many dis-putes. The local community suddenly had to deal with international issues. Two decades of conflict have shown how important it is to build a reasonable boundary between the museum and the city. The problem with the "Zone of Silence" has grown into a problem that had to be solved by the Polish parliament. The consequences for the residents of Oświęcim were, however, considerable, and are felt to this day. A large part felt second-class citizens, and a drain of business from the city has been observed.
PL
All types of police, preventive, and retaliatory actions towards Poles become a part of the occupational everyday life. In the common historical awareness of Poles, they are embodied by Warsaw street roundups. However, in the occupational reality, they were a part of everyday life, just a loaf of dark bread bought ration coupons after spending long hours in the queue. That is why it is worth reminding that, for exemple in April 1940, before the famous Aktion A-B in Genera Goverment, two large-scale preventive actions took place in the areas incorporated by the Third Reich, namely Regierungsbezirk Kattowitz and Regierungsbezierk Zichenau. They led to imprisonment of a considerable number of the members of the Polish local elites. Repression activies of Kommandeur der Sicherheistpoliizei und des Sicherheistdienstes fur den Distrikct from the middle of April 1942 become a part of those events. During a repressive action that took place in the late afternoon of 16th April 1942 in the caffe Plastyków at 3 Łobzowska street in Cracow, numerous Cracow artists and other citizens who happened be in the cafe were arrested. Moreover. in the night from the 16/17th April numerous reserve officers as active duty officers and retired officers were arrested. 198 persons from amoug those arrested and incarcerated at the prison ot Montelupich Street were transported to the concentration camp in Auschwitz on the 25th and 26th April 1942. 69 officers were among the people deported in these transports to Auschwitz. On 26th May 1942, 60 of them were executed in front of the Execution Wall in Auschwitz I.
Studia Ełckie
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2017
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vol. 19
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issue 4
463 - 470
EN
Marianna Biernacka, called “blessed mother-in-law”, gave life for saving life of her daughter-in-law. Stanislawa Leszczynska was a midwife. She was receiving labors in the Nazi concentration camp Auschwitz. Both women lived during the Second World War. They showed great kindness and piety. The aim of the article was to present the life histories of Marianna Biernacka and Stanislawa Leszczynska and the events that affected their beati-fication. In both cases their heroic acts became famous only decades after the war. The articleʼs message is clear: everyone can become a saint. The article was based on the available books about Marianna Biernacka and Stanislawa Leszczynska, which are few in the literature.
EN
Opowiadania oświęcimskie (Auschwitz stories) by Maria Zarębińska-Broniewska was first published in a book version in 1948. All the texts included in the book, however, had beenwritten earlier. First of them were initially released in a daily Polska Zbrojna (Armed Poland) in early June 1945, just a few days after the author’s return from a concentration camp. They were one of the first accounts which concerned women’s concentration camps. The book which was published later included nine out of eleven short stories written by Zarębińska. There is also an extant manuscript a novel’s synopsis. However, a very ambitious project of creating tens of short stories was not completed due to the author’s death. This article is a description of the history of Auschwitz stories and their particular editions; it also includes two forgotten stories which were not included in published collections.
PL
Tekst opisuje dwa sposoby interpretacji Zagłady, które sygnowane są nazwiskami Zygmunta Baumana i Timothy’ego Snydera. Bauman symbolizuje podejście kulturalistyczne i społeczne, poszukujące społecznych warunków produkcji inności, nowoczesnych i biurokratycznych rysów Szoah. Snyder przeciwnie, oddala argument antysemityzmu i nowoczesnego państwa jako ważnych czynników Zagłady. Autorka wskazuje na współczesne kontynuacje obu linii interpretacyjnych w Polsce.
EN
The article describes two approaches to the Holocaust, identified with the names of Zygmunt Bauman and Timothy Snyder. In this dyad, Bauman stands for the culturalist, sociological approach focused on identifying the social conditions in which otherness is produced and tracing the significance of modernity and bureaucracy for the Shoah. In contrast, Snyder dismisses the notion that anti-Semitism and modern statehood played a crucial part in the Holocaust. The study also identifies contemporary adherents of the two interpretations in Poland.
EN
The author presents biographies of nine officers of the Polish Army. All of them, though differently, were connected with the town of Wadowice: some of them were born there, some in the 12th Infantry Regiment that stationed in the town, whereas others attended the local school. Besides their bonds with the town of Wadowice, they also shared the expieience of the second world war and of the fight with the German invader. Although, as officers, they seemed to be obliged to combat with the enemy, the decision to put up resistance was never easy. Their fates were once again linked in Auschwitz, where they were sent as a result repressive organized by the Nazis.
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Auschwitz i nowoczesność

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EN
The text examines the relationship between the two categories – Auschwitz and modernity, in recognition of Jean Améry and Zygmunt Bauman, taking also into account the voice of the latter polemicists. In the first place is reconstructed Améry’s positive view on modernity with respect for the truth of the victims of Auschwitz. Then Bauman's critical position is discussed, indicating the modern provenance of the Holocaust and risk of recurrence of the Holocaust. Next the voices of Bauman’s opponents are presented. Yehuda Bauer, Henryk Grynberg, Andrzej Szahaj and Stefan Morawski pointed to the key role of ideology and irrational aspects of Nazism. At the end the common ground of Améry and Bauman is indicated – both turn to take the perspective of the victims.
EN
The French in the Inmate Hierarchy of Auschwitz-Birkenau: GIS in Historical Research – Introduction to a Research ProjectThe aim of this article is to identify a research problem concerning the French prisoners of Auschwitz-Birkenau, and to discuss preliminary results of a PhD project conducted at the Institute of History, Polish Academy of Sciences. As planned, the implementation of the project will involve the use of methods offered by widely understood information technologies, such as the Geographic Information System (GIS) and the structural language of the French deportees, who were one of the more numerous groups of Auschwitz-Birkenau prisoners. The article outlines a potential research field and presents preliminary results of a study on the Auschwitz II-Birkenau women’s camp. Thanks to the use of information technologies, such as GIS tools, it was possible to map the space of sectors BIa and BIb of Auschwitz II-Birkenau with its particular parts, including barracks, baths, kitchens, latrines, etc. Using raster georeferencing, an image of the camp as it is today was superimposed on an aerial photograph of the sub-camp taken by the Allies in 1944. Francuzi w hierarchii więźniarskiej Auschwitz-Birkenau. GIS w badaniach historycznych – wprowadzenie do badańCelem niniejszego artykułu jest zasygnalizowanie problemu badawczego, który dotyczy francuskich więźniów obozu Auschwitz-Birkenau, a także przedstawienie wstępnych wyników badań przygotowanych na potrzeby doktoratu pisanego w Instytucie Historii PAN. Do całościowej realizacji projektu wykorzystane zostaną metody, które oferują szeroko rozumiane technologie informacyjne, takie jak System informacji geograficznej (GIS) oraz strukturalny język zapytań SQL. Autorka odwołując się do teorii aktora-sieci, w centrum rozważań stawia osoby deportowane z Francji, które stanowiły jedną z liczniejszych grup więźniów obozu Auschwitz-Birkenau. W tekście zasygnalizowano możliwe pole badawcze oraz zaprezentowano możliwości badań nad częścią obozu kobiecego w Auschwitz II-Birkenau. Dzięki wykorzystaniu technologii informacyjnych, takich jak narzędzia GIS-owskie, możliwe było ukazanie przestrzenne części kobiecej BIa i BIb obozu Auschwitz II-Birkenau wraz z wyznaczeniem jej konkretnych części, takich jak baraki, łaźnie, kuchnie, latryny itd. Wykorzystując georeferencing obrazu rastrowego, widok współczesny obozu nałożono na jedno ze zdjęć lotniczych podobozu wykonane przez Aliantów w 1944 roku.
EN
In 1942, Edith Grünwald was a young, nearly 23 years old, Slovak Jewess from Holicz, when the Gestapo arrested her in Ilava, where she was working as a clerk. After spending some time in the concentration camp in Bratislava, she was deported to the Auschwitz concentration camp, in one of the first Jewish RSH transports from Slovakia. Her camp number was 3507. Thanks to her education, she was able to work in the Politische Abteilung (the Political Department). She was the personal secretary of Herbert Kirschner. When the war was over in January 1945, she was evacuated to Ravensbrück, and then freed by the Red Army in Malchow, located near Berlin. Although the ordeal in the Nazi camp was over, Edith didn’t enjoy freedom for long. In May 1945, short after coming back from the concentration camp, she was arrested by the UB in Katowice. She was accused of mistreating her fellow prisoners and cooperating with SS Men, in particularly with her boss Kirschner. The investigation of Edith`s case, conducted by the Special Criminal Court, lasted more than 2 years. Thanks to the involvement of the Czechoslovakian Consulate along with the help of two lawyers, they managed to deny the allegations made by her former inmate, Polish Jewess Dunia Urbańska (Urison). The trial, which took place on May 14, 1947 before the Wadowice District Court, resulted in Edith Grünewald being declared innocent after testimony from a fellow Slovak Jewess proved the allegations as false. As it turned out, the arrest (combined with a brutal beating) and the investigation was a result of a plot by her former fellow prisoner, who was jealous of Edith`s position in the camp and above all her regard of the prisoners.
EN
Based upon survey research and drawing upon literature by historians and social scientists, this article discusses what Auschwitz means to Poles and how perceptions of it have changed since the 1990s. The article shows that Auschwitz means to nearly all Poles genocide, the Polish martyrdom, and the Jewish Holocaust at the same time. It also identifies and analyzes the processes thereby the number of Poles perceiving Auschwitz as primarily Jewish has increased from minimal to a relative majority and the number of those perceiving Auschwitz as primarily Polish, once being a relative majority, has decreased, albeit still remains fairly high. The article argues that the perception of Auschwitz in Poland has considerably become “Judaized,” “de-Polonized,” “de-nationalized,” and “de-Catholized.” It also draws conclusions from the case study of the changing perceptions of Auschwitz for social memory studies.
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