Australian multiculturalism - a policy strategy aimed at facilitating effective social integration of non-British immigrants and managing cultural diversity - was devised in the 1950s and 60s, and adopted as government policy in the 1970s. As a number of recent publications in the European and Australian media suggest, this form of multiculturalism has been misunderstood and confused with ethnic pluralism and assimilationist, ‘melting pot’ approaches. These confusions seem particularly widespread in Europe. This is hardly surprising considering the scarcity of public clarifications of what multiculturalism is, the strong political backlash against uncontrolled migrations, and the paucity of informed debate about long term strategies of migrant settlement and adaptation. The paper outlines the principles of Australian multiculturalism, identifies its theoretical foundations, and highlights some of the widespread confusions about its meaning, focus and objectives.
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Australijska wielokulturowość – strategia polityczna mająca na celu ułatwienie integracji imigrantów o korzeniach innych niż brytyjskie i zarządzanie różnorodnością kulturową – została wypracowana w latach 50. i 60. minionego wieku i przyjęta, w latach 70., jako element oficjalnej polityki rządowej. Jak pokazują liczne przykłady z europejskich i australijskich mediów, ta forma wielokulturowości była i jest wielokrotnie mylona z koncepcjami opartymi na ideach kulturowego tygla, asymilacji i pluralizmu etnicznego. Te mylne wyobrażenia wydają się szczególnie rozpowszechnione w Europie. Nic dziwnego, skoro tak mało jest w sferze publicznej działań mających na celu wyjaśnienie zjawiska wielokulturowości czy rzetelnych debat dotyczących mechanizmów osiedlania się imigrantów i ich adaptacji, a tak wiele przejawów ostrego sprzeciwu wobec niekontrolowanych migracji. W artykule przedstawione zostały teoretyczne założenia i główne cechy australijskiej wielokulturowości oraz najczęstsze błędy w rozumieniu jej znaczenia i roli.
Australijska Rada Dziecięcej Książki przyznaje wyróżnienia młodym czytelnikom od 1946 roku. W kolejnych latach, respektując częściowo zmiany w czytelnictwie i koncepcjach dzieciństwa oraz uznając nowszą, zdefiniowaną kategorię „nastoletnich”, zasady nagradzania uległy poszerzeniu. Jednak przed wprowadzeniem kategorii starszych czytelników w 1982 roku istniało wiele uhonorowanych książek, które równie dobrze mogły pasować do tej kategorii. Niniejszy artykuł, analizując książki dla starszych czytelników opublikowane w latach 1972–2022, porównuje postawy Australijczyków wobec „dzieciństwa”. Akcentuje, że często czytane przez młodych ludzi materiały odzwierciedlają postawy społeczne, jak i je wzmacniają. Jakie dzieciństwo/młodzież jest przedstawiane, waloryzowane lub krytykowane w tych książkach i czy te aspekty uległy zmianie?
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The Children’s Book Council of Australia has been providing awards for young readers since 1946. Over the intervening years categories have been enlarged, acknowledging in part changes in readership and changes in conceptions of childhood and recognising a newer, defined category of ‘teenage’. However, prior to the introduction of the Older Readers category in 1982, there were a number of award-winning books which might well have fitted into that category. This paper will examine books for Older Readers 1972–2022 as a way of comparing Australian attitudes to ‘childhood’ across those decades, recognising that the material young people read often both reflects societal attitudes and reinforces them. What sort of childhood/teenagehood is portrayed, valorised or criticised in these books and have these aspects changed?
This article analyses the forgotten novel of Wojciech Gutkowski (1775–1826) Podróż do Kalopei [Trip to Kalopea], which was published in 1817. The story takes place in Australia, in a small country founded by the Polish king Bolesław II the Bold. Gutkowski describes the history of the Kalop nation (the name Kalop is an anagram of Polak), its social and political system where everyone is equal and the term private property does not exist. Despite the Polish background presented in the novel, the unique vision of the nation seems to express a universal message which is valid for all the countries. That is the reason why Gutkowski’s work is considered to be one of the most important pieces of classical utopian literature.
The office of Governor is the oldest constitutional office in Australia. Each of the six states was founded as a British colony, and a Governor was appointed by the British government to exercise executive authority over the colony, to represent the monarch who was permanently based in London and to perform the same constitutional and representational functions at state level, which the Governor General perform at the federal level. Current position of state governor in the Australian political system is the result of the transformation of the office, taking place from the eighteenth century, when the governors led newly emerging British colonies, as well as political and social changes in Australia and in the British Empire. The article presents the history of that office, requirements for officials and a range of their privileges and powers. The evolution of this position will be undoubtedly associated with the result of discussion on a key constitutional change, which is currently pending between the two environments: Australians for a Constitutional Monarchy and Australian Republican Movement
Australia is a country built on immigration and one which is highly urbanised. The authorities have recently embarked on a policy of regional dispersal of immigrants with a view of retaining them in regions long-term so as to assist the regional demographic and economic growth. This article reviews the collaboration of the Federal, State/Territory and Local Governments in this and related policies of settlement and integration of immigrants in regions. It then evaluates the effects of this collaboration, highlights key retention factors and points to reasons behind current knowledge gaps. It offers recommendations for an enhanced retention.
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Australia jest krajem imigracji i krajem wysoko zurbanizowanym. W ostatnich latach władze australijskie wprowadziły politykę zachęcającą imigrantów do osiedlania się w regionach (poza wielkimi miastami), licząc że uda się ich tam zatrzymać na dłuższy okres, co w konsekwencji ma wesprzeć wzrost liczby ludności i rozwój ekonomiczny tych terenów. Artykuł omawia współpracę wszystkich szczebli administracji w dziedzinie tej polityki i w zakresie powiązanych polityk osiedlenia i integracji. Ocenia on następnie wyniki tej współpracy, zwraca uwagę na główne czynniki sprzyjające długoterminowemu osiedlaniu się imigrantów w regionach i wskazuje na przyczyny luk w wiedzy o efektach tej współpracy. Artykuł zamykają propozycje w jaki sposób poprawić dotychczasowe wyniki osadnictwa imigrantów w regionach.
Celem artykułu jest przybliżenie czytelnikom tematyki związanej z funkcjonowaniem banków w Australii i Nowej Zelandii. Australijski sektor finansowy jest zdominowany przez cztery główne banki Australia and New Zealand Banking Group, Commonwealth Bank of Australia, National Australia Bank i Westpac Banking Corporation. Spośród 58 działających na terenie Australii banków, banki z „wielkiej czwórki” mają największy udział w rynku finansowym. Banki te odgrywają również istotną rolę w systemie bankowym w Nowej Zelandii. Żadne inne państwo nie wykazuje tak wysokiej koncentracji banków wynikającej z przynależności narodowościowej. Banki te posiadają ponad 85% aktywów w stosunku do wszystkich aktywów znajdujących się w nowozelandzkim systemie bankowym. W Nowej Zelandii prawie wszystkie banki należą do zagranicznych właścicieli. W roku 2011 jest zarejestrowanych dziewiętnaście banków, z czego tylko 3 należą do nowozelandzkich inwestorów.
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The aim of the article is to present a subject concerning the functioning of the banks in Australia and New Zealand. Australian financial sector is dominated by four major banks: Australia and New Zealand Banking Group, Commonwealth Bank of Australia, National Australia Bank and Westpac Banking Corporation. From among 58 operating banks in Australia, banks of the "big four" have the largest market share. These Australian banks also play an important role in the New Zealand banking system. No other country has shown such a high bank concentration arising from nationality. These banks have more than 85% of assets compared to all assets located in the New Zealand banking system. In New Zealand, almost all banks belong to foreign owners. Nineteen banks are registered in 2011. Only three of them belong to New Zealand investors.
The global temperature trends provided by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology are artificially exaggerated due to subjective and unidirectional adjustments of recorded values. The present paper aims to promote the use of the raw stations’ data corrected only for urban heat island formation. The longer temperature records of Australia exhibit significant oscillations with a strong quasi-60 years’ signature of downward phases 1880 to 1910, 1940 to 1970 and 2000 to present, and upwards phases 1910 to 1940 and 1970 to 2000. A longer oscillation with downward phase until 1910 and an upwards phase afterwards is also detected. The warming since 1910 occurred at a nearly constant rate. Over the full length of the long Australian records since the end of the 1800s, there is no sign of warming or increased occurrence of extreme events. The monthly highest and mean maximum temperatures do not exhibit any positive trend. The differences between monthly highest and lowest, or monthly mean maximum and mean minimum temperatures, are all reducing because of urban heat island formation.
W artykule została omówiona problematyka edukacji globalnej w Australii. Została ona scharakteryzowana z uwzględnieniem celu i miejsca w australijskim programie edukacji. Charakterystyka edukacji globalnej w Australii została przygotowana w oparciu o założenia, które są uwzględnione australijskim programie edukacji, Deklaracji Melbournskiej oraz w międzyprzedmiotowych celach edukacyjnych. Ponadto zaprezentowano wybrane działania edukacyjne realizowane w szkołach australijskich, spełniające założenia edukacji globalnej.
This article aims at considering the question whether various migration theories, especially in the fields of demography and sociology, could be useful in the analysis of migration from Poland to Australia in the 1980s. The author is not able to propose definitive answers, however he suggests that the division between political and economic migration, commonly used by researchers, does not provide an effective instrument for describing this specific social group. The article shows that the majority of Poles who did have an official refugee status did not in fact fit well into the definition of a refugee. Meanwhile, among the migrants who did not obtain the refugee status, one could find many active members of the Solidarity movement and also people persecuted by the Polish authorities. Within the research on migration motives, migration transfer, adaptation processes and, to some extent, political activity of Polish migrants in Australia, the author found the following models most useful and applicable: various social network theories, Oded Stark's relative deprivation model, the model of decision-making process developed by Gerald Haberkorn or the concept of Oddyssean and Rubicon refugees by Danièle Joly. None of these theories can provide a universal tool which could allow the researcher to cover all methodological problems related to the subject of Polish migration to Australia between 1980 and 1989 – especially in the area of understanding migrants’ public activity in the new country.
When we consider Aboriginal culture, it is impossible to show just one general characteristic principle, which will characterise the whole indigenous people of Australia. It is a vast continent, so members of different tribes have developed their own customs, traditions and ways of perception of spirituality and reality. But still we can find some features which are the base of tribes’ life, and which determine the style of their life from hundreds or maybe even thousands of years.
Aboriginal Australians last in the age of perdition. There has been 224 years since the day that Captain Arthur Phillip came to Australia with British convicts. Since then almost every day Aboriginal ‘collide with civilization’ and fight for surviving. All rules of tribal life had to be replaced by new ones. They had to wear clothes, live in houses of bricks, and work. All of this was completely different from the previous life. ‘White civilization’ that has brought the development into the Antipodes has also brought reasons of perdition. Among those: illnesses, which decimate Aboriginal clans, and alcohol, which destroys all residues of ancient Stone Age culture and causes many social problems. For several dozen years, Australian government has been trying to make up for Aboriginal wrong, but programs for improvement of their situation do not work. ‘Civilization’, in social evolutionists’ opinion, should be the highest level of people’s culture, for Aboriginal though it is some kind of abyss in which they cannot or they do not want to find a proper place for themselves.
This is a presentation of the prose poetry of Ania Walwicz, one of Australia’s best-known experimental writers and performers but unknown in Poland. Her two pieces: Australia and Poland are given special attention to show some of the fun damental features of her poems, i.e. loss of identity and transgressive forms of her lang uage. A short recollection of the author’s encounter with the poet in 2012 is included as well.
The aim of the article is to analyse the way in which Seweryn Korzeliński and Bolesław Dolański describe the geographical location of Australia (the distance that separates it from Europe). In many reports from Australia and literary texts describing the continent, written either before or after Korzeliński’s and Dolański’s memoirs, the distance that separates Australia from Europe is considered the main characteristic feature that determines the way in which other Australian phenomena are regarded. The article discusses the interesting way in which the two authors present Australian geographical location and the purpose this literary interpretation serves in their memoirs.
Migration always involves loss, which inspires potential writers and is itself often the focus of migrants’ narratives. Seen through this monodimensional attachment to things left behind and hence not particularly valued, written and unwri tten stories of migrants’ experiences are themselves prone to disappear, together with the memory of their authors. This paper exam-ines the work of a biographer and poet, Bogumiła Żongołłowicz, commited to recovering and preserving achievements of Polish post-war migrants in Australia, reclaiming forgotten or unappreciated literary works for future readers, and celebrating life and memory of those who would otherwise perish as well.
Australian economy is considered to be one of the most stable and competitive ones in the world. The country is a trading partner for more than 200 countries, with a 20% share of export in GDP. The economy is mainly based on services which constitute approx. 75% of GDP [1]. According to the UN Human Development Index, Australia is the second country in the world, after Norway, as far as quality and average length of life, health service and freedom of economic activities are concerned. The society’s wealth constitutes one of the key factors that influence the number of cars as per person. The number of cars, which prevail among the passenger means of transport, and their harmful influence on the environment forced the government to focus on limiting the number of private cars by means of, among others, the concept of constructing high-speed rail.
Relations between Australia and the United States have developed for long time notably during World War II. Over the following decades, cooperation has become more intense as Australians adopt many cultural patterns from the Americans. Australia declared and supported US presidents in military operations, which is why some have called Australia, America’s sheriff for working to stabilize this part of the world. One cannot overlook the personal arrangements between leaders that help shape the dynamic of deepening the mutual relations these two nations. Donald Trump’s personal interactions’ with the Prime Ministers of Australia play a significant role in this regard.
Istnieje kilka stereotypów na temat wpływu imigracji na rynek pracy. Najpopularniejszym jest ten wskazujący, że imigranci, zwiększając liczbę pracowników, powodują wzrost bez-robocia w szczególności przez zabieranie pracy rdzennym pracownikom. To założenie nie uwzględnia jednak bardzo ważnego czynnika, który tworzą imigranci — popytu. Pozyska-nie siły roboczej było i jest jednym z głównych celów australijskiej polityki imigracyjnej, która jest ukierunkowana na imigrantów mających kwalifikacje poszukiwane w danym okresie na australijskim rynku pracy. Dzięki tego rodzaju doborowi pożądanych imigran-tów uważa się, że Australia prowadzi jedną z najbardziej efektywnych polityk migracyjnych pod względem gospodarczym, skorelowaną z potrzebami rynku pracy. W artykule zostaną zaprezentowane najnowsze wyniki badań na temat australijskiego rynku pracy, które zostały przeprowadzone przez autora oraz przez australijskich badaczy migracji, takich jak: Melissa Bond, Noel Gatson, Neville Norman, Thorsten Stromback, Peter J. Lloyd, Lynne S. Williams, Bruce Chapman i Deborah Cobb-Clark.
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There are many stereotypes about immigration influence on labour market. Many countries, because of the fear of negative effects of newcomers arrival, decided to introduce legal obstacles which were to limit their inflow. There are social groups which welcome new immigrants enthusiastically. Undoubtedly, these are employers who think that immigration will affect the fall of production costs and the cut of wages. However, a lot of governments are trying to limit immigration. All the relations are best seen on the example of one of the ‘largest’ immigration economies of the world, that is, Australian economy. Very low unemployment and inflation rates, high Gross Domestic Product combined with big hospitality of Australians, breathtaking views and a lot of free areas make Australia one of the most popular destination countries among immigrants. Australian immigration policy reduces negative results of economic crises and helps in reaching higher level of economic development than countries which are not destination countries of immigrants, thanks to correlation with labour market needs. The author will present analyses concerning australian labour market extended with the latest scientific findings conducted by author and Australian migration researchers: Melissa Bond, Noel Gatson, Neville Norman, Thorsten Stromback, Peter J. Lloyd, Lynne S. Williams, Bruce Chapman and Deborah Cobb-Clark.
Faced with a visible stagnation in negotiations within the WTO, the EU prioritized bilateral trade agreements. In the EU’s newly-developed trade and investment strategy from 2015 named “Trade for All”, Australia’s significance as Europe’s close partner sharing European values and playing an important role both in the Pacific region and multilateral forums was clearly emphasized. The main assumptions of this strategy have become the starting point for taking more specific actions in the field of regulating trade relations between the EU and Australia in the form of the forthcoming “comprehensive and high-quality FTA.” Moreover, the current climate in the world trade (connected with e.g. American protectionism) is the cause of the EU’s interest in developing partnership with other, more predictable trade partners. Hence, the agreement planned by the EU would contribute to the stimulation of reciprocal exchange, which is of great importance bearing in mind Australia’s successfully signed FTAs with other countries, including those with EU’s key partners. Finally, the question of Brexit is not without significance in this context.
PL
Wobec zastoju negocjacji na forum WTO priorytetem dla UE stały się dwustronne umowy handlowe. W przedstawionej w 2015 r. nowej strategii handlowej i inwestycyjnej EU “Trade for All” wyraźnie podkreślono znaczenie Australii jako bliskiego partnera Europy, podzielającego europejskie wartości oraz odgrywającego ważną rolę zarówno w regionie Azji Pacyfiku, jak i na forach wielostronnych. Zapisy tej strategii stały się punktem wyjścia do podjęcia konkretnych działań w zakresie pełniejszego uregulowania stosunków handlowych EU z Australią w postaci przyszłej wszechstronnej FTA. Ponadto, bieżąca sytuacja w handlu światowym (związana m.in. z amerykańskim protekcjonizmem) powoduje, że UE dąży do pogłębiania współpracy z innymi, bardziej przewidywalnymi partnerami handlowymi. Planowana umowa przyczyni się zatem do pobudzenia wzajemnej wymiany, co jest szczególnie ważne w świetle podpisanych już przez Australię umów FTA z innymi państwami, w tym także kluczowymi partnerami UE. Nie bez znaczenia pozostaje również kwestia Brexit’u.
expectations of its customers. In the last quarter of the 20th century there was an increased interest in individual low-cost journeys, which meant an increased demand for cheap accommodation. Thus, especially in Asia and Australia, a vast variety of accommodation facilities were created to meet the needs of a new type of tourist – a backpacker. Material and methods. This article describes an synchronous and diachronic view of the innovative changes made to the former tourist dormitory-type, ways of adapting the market expectations of hotel services to the changing needs of the consumer segment. Conclusions. Implemented innovations primarily helped to develop the competitiveness of the services and strengthen the local economy, associated with backpackers destination.
Integrated competency-based occupational standards allow detailed description of the knowledge, skills and attributes which in combination portray competent professional practice. Competency-based occupational standards have been in place within the speech pathology profession in Australia since 1994, and are used for a range of educational and assessment purposes, including assessing eligibility for membership of the Speech Pathology Association of Australia. This paper describes the reasons for and process of development of the standards, the framework for the standards, and how they are used for curriculum development and assessment. The paper also describes the use of CBOS in the development of a validated tool for the assessment of clinical performance.
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Zintegrowane standardy zawodowe, oparte o wymogi kompetencyjne (CBOS), umożliwiają szczegółowy opis niezbędnej wiedzy, umiejętności i cech, które w połączeniu tworzą właściwą praktykę zawodową. Standardy zawodowe oparte o wymogi kompetencyjne zostały wprowadzone w zawodzie logopedy w Australii od 1994 roku i są wykorzystywane do różnych celów edukacyjnych oraz oceny, w tym oceny kwalifikacji niezbędnych do członkostwa w Stowarzyszeniu Patologii Mowy Australii. Artykuł opisuje przyczyny i proces rozwoju standardów, ramy standardów i to, jak są one wykorzystywane do tworzenia programu nauczania i oceny. Omówiono również zastosowanie CBOS-u w przygotowaniu rzetelnego, zalegalizowanego narzędzia do oceny wyników praktyki klinicznej.
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