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EN
The aim of this paper is to test the export-led growth hypothesis for the Republic of Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan is an oil-exporting country and the share of oil and oil products in total exports is 94.78 percent in 2009. In this paper, the export-led growth hypothesis is tested for Azerbaijan using cointegration and error correction model techniques for the 1996-2008 period. Long-run and short-run relationship was found between real GDP, and exports and imports. The results fail to find any support for the proposition that exports Granger cause GDP. However, real GDP Granger causes exports. The findings of this study showed that export-led growth hypothesis is not valid for Azerbaijan.
EN
This article seeks to study the consequences of the Nagorno–Karabakh war for Azerbaijan: thus analyzes findings on occupied territories, casualties, and damages of the war from economic, political, and social perspectives. The utmost brutality and atrocity of the overall conflict is memorized with Khojaly Massacre committed against Azerbaijani civilians on 26 February 1992. Hence, the article unveils evidences through the scrutiny of secondary data from academic sources, publications, and news materials published by international media. The particular focus of the study is concentrated on to what extend special plan was prepared deliberately for ethnic cleansing in Khojaly during the Nagorno–Karabakh war.
EN
The article’s aim is to identify the features of EU external energy policy. The author analyses the evolution of EU energy policy and ongoing energy transition, using the primary and secondary legislation and scientific literature. Particular attention is paid to the European Green Deal, which affects EU energy relations with third countries. Azerbaijan was chosen as the case of analysis, because this country is the one of important suppliers of the natural gas to the European Union. The author concludes that the Europeanisation of Azerbaijan through mechanisms of conditionality and externalisation is beneficial to both the EU and Azerbaijan, and this, in turn, will push Azerbaijan to follow the European Green Deal.
EN
Azerbaijan has a population of more than 10 million, of which women accounted for 50% in 2020. At the same time, 93% of Azerbaijan's citizens describe themselves as Muslims. Since the beginning of independence, Azerbaijan has been a secular state by virtue of Article 48 of the Constitution, which guarantees the freedom of worship, choice, or nonpractice of religion and the freedom of expression of one's own views on religion. This article aims to assess the changes in the self-employment of women in Azerbaijan through a deductive analysis of data and observation of changes in the structure of resources based on generally available macroeconomic data. This study focuses on the situation of women on the Azerbaijani labour market over the two decades of the 21st century. The numbers of economically active women, including those in employment and the unemployed, and economically inactive women are specified. Further, the government's legal and financial policy in respect of women's self-employment is analysed. The author determines what percentage of companies were set up by women and in which sectors and locations.
EN
The presence of the Kurds in Karabakh, the contemporary Armenian-Azerbaijani borderland, since the beginning of the 18th century was used by great powers in their geopolitical rivalry in the South Caucasus. In the beginning of the 20th century, the Kurdish minority in Karabakh became part of the conflict between Armenian and Azeri nationalists as well as an element in the Soviet policy on nationalities. As a result, the Kurds got an autonomous county within Soviet Azerbaijan. They were indirectly supported by Armenians against the Azeris and finally assimilated by the Azerbaijani majority. The article is a short overview of the history of the Kurds in Karabakh and contains an analysis of their role in the Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict. The paper maintains that both Armenians and the Azeris used the Kurds for their own political goals.
EN
Caspian Sea is the biggest lake or landlocked sea in the world. In terms of international law, the Caspian is sui generis and needs an exclusive legal regime. The Caspian Sea was common Sea/Lake between Iran and The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) till collapse of Soviet Union in 1991 but after this time, three newly independent countries (Azerbaijan Republic, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan) were added to Iran and Russia as costal states. The essay will explain, outline and comment the legal cause of the problem in the new legal regime of the Caspian Sea, after twenty years of negotiations and fall of USSR by the relevant sources of the law.
EN
The goal behind the Eastern Partnership programme was the development of political, economic, and social links between the European Union and the European states developed in the wake of the breakdown of the USSR (with the exception of Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia). The author believes that the goal was achieved in the case of three Transcaucasian countries. On the one hand, EU standards began to be implemented in these countries by the implementation of EU’s acquis communautaire in the law of these states, which allows trade exchange and more extensive economic cooperation along the principles of the EU. On the other hand, in the case of these countries, the EU avoided any declaration concerning their future membership in the EU, which poses a fundamental problem in the relations with the remaining members of the Eastern Partnership programme.
EN
The war in Ukraine changed the security landscape in Europe, the aggression of the Russian Federation also aected the energy security. For decades European elites negotiated and signed contracts for energy supplies from the Russian Federation, which gave Russia the opportunity to restore and strengthen its military capacity, and as a result, to launch an unprovoked aggression against Ukraine. Realizing the fallacy of its own energy diplomacy, the EU began searching for new and intensied relations with existing energy suppliers. The aim of this article is to analyze the role and signicance of Azerbaijan as a potential supplier of gas to Europe, especially to its southern ank, where strong positions of Russian inuence remain. During the preparation of the study, the international legal basis of relations between Azerbaijan and the EU was systematized and analyzed, the main supply routes of Azerbaijani gas to the European markets were determined and characterized. Prospects for deepening cooperation between the EU and Azerbaijan in the implementation of energy projects have been determined. Possible threats to the supply of Azerbaijani gas to European markets under the conditions of preservation of Russia's inuence are separately described.
EN
‘Development of Sustainable Entrepreneurship and Support of Local Handicrafts in Rural Azerbaijan’ is a joint effort between the Turku University of Applied Sciences Ltd. and Sustainable Future in Finland and Ekoloji Tarazliq NGO as a local partner, with the aim of creating rural businesses and services in order to attract tourists to the three project areas. Thus far, most of the tourists in Azerbaijan have been business travellers staying in the capital, Baku. The project (implemented in 2012-2014) has introduced PPP or public-private partnership approaches in the promotion of sustainable tourism through the involvement of various stakeholders from small-scale entrepreneurs to national level authorities. The most important stakeholder groups are the local communities, entrepreneurs, handicraft masters, and owners of households providing accommodation services to travelers. Several challenges and areas of development in rural tourism have been identified: insufficient infrastructure in rural areas, varying quality of services, and unclear brands of different regions. Rural tourism has great potential in Azerbaijan, but it needs promotion and support, especially in organized structures for service design and marketing channels, which require strong cooperation on the national and local level. The project envisages eco-cultural tourism as a concept which emphasizes unique environmental conditions and traditional cultural values in order to create favorable conditions for tourists; meanwhile it presents marginal livelihoods a novel source of income. Sustainability and participation are crucial for the long-term future of eco-cultural tourism, which could, with strong multilevel cooperation and comprehensive service design structures, promote economic development and support especially women’s participation and role in the tourism market of the rural areas.
EN
The article provides an extensive analysis of the problem of the way how Azerbaijan implements international standards for free elections. The basic research mainly covers the jurisprudence of international bodies protecting individual rights, with a particular emphasis on the European Court of Human Rights and on the Council of Europe's Human Rights Commission, as well as the reports from observation missions of the OSCE elections of 2005 and 2010.
11
Content available remote

CULTURE IN AUSTRO-AZERBAIJAN BILATERAL CONTACTS

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EN
The paper characterizes bilateral relations between Austria and Azerbaijan, with particular emphasis on culture as a field of cooperation of the two countries. Azerbaijan is an important power in the South Caucasus due to its strategic geographic location and ample energy resources, but it faces challenges to its stability, the conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh included. Austrian diplomacy has long been developing relations with the Caucasus states, adopting a clear stance on the Nagorno- Karabakh conflict. The main research problem tackled in the paper concerns the role of culture in bilateral relations between Austria and Azerbaijan. The adopted research hypothesis focuses on the scope of support that can be extended by a country with considerable experience in the growth and promotion of its culture to a country which is in the course of developing its legal and political spheres and wishes to safeguard the role of culture in this process. The paper comprises four parts. Part one describes the tasks of Austria’s public diplomacy, part two discusses the foundations of present day relations between Austria and Azerbaijan, part three highlights activities undertaken jointly by the two countries to safeguard the cultural heritage of Nagorno- Karabakh, and finally part four recaps the cultural component in bilateral relations as well as presents the currently implemented cultural and scientific projects. The conclusions focus on the evaluation of programs, projects and legal regulations signed in the last dozen years, aimed at fostering cooperation between democratic states and a country involved in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. An additional element was the assessment of the cooperation for the protection of the cultural heritage in the conflict area. Support for cultural institutions, scholarship programs, material-heritage protection and education is the best investment in the development of the civil society in developing countries, but is also a tourism incentive and stimulates investment. The bilateral relations between Austria and Azerbaijan aim to develop democratic institutions and the civil society in Azerbaijan, support the growth of the non-oil sectors of its economy and bolster its ability to combat terrorism, trafficking and other transnational crimes.
RU
Нормативная модель Конституционного суда, применяемая азербайджанским законодателем, обращена к парадигматическим решениям, общепринятым в современных государствах. В ней внимание акцентируется на гарантировании суду возможности независимой реализации возложенных компетенций, а судьям – независимости в выполнении обязанностей. Характерной чертой являются относительно широкие компетенции суда. Хоть отдельные предоставленные ему компетенции возлагаются на конституционные суды в других государствах (например, подтверждение действительности парламентских выборов или участие в привлечении к конституционной ответственности высоких должностных лиц государства), однако для них нехарактерна такая концентрация функций. Возложение автором конституции на Конституционный суд не только задачи решения несоответствий между правовыми нормами, а также выполнения других многочисленных функций, необходимо воспринимать – с одной стороны – как выражение приверженности (как минимум в формально-правовой плоскости) принципу законности, – с другой – как выражение уверенности в том, что среди органов правовой защиты Конституционный суд является наиболее квалифицированным в ее реализации.
EN
A thesis is posed in the present analysis that the system of the Constitutional Court in Azerbaijan in based on the solutions characteristic of the moderns states of law. This system refers to model solutions, commonly applied in contemporary states, including the states within the system of the Council of Europe, where Azerbaijan is a member. The constitutional view of the Constitutional Court draws attention to guaranteeing the Court independence in relations with other subjects of legal relations, while the judges – independence in doing their duties. A characteristic feature of the Constitutional Court in Azerbaijan includes its extended competences. Although particular competences are the same as those of constitutional courts in other countries (e.g. ascertaining the validity of parliamentary elections or participation in making the highest functionaries in the state constitutionally accountable), it is not typical that they are granted with such intensity as in Azerbaijan. The decision of the constituting power to give the Constitutional Court not only the task of settling the compatibility of legal regulations with the Constitution (which is typical in contemporary states of law) but also realizing other numerous competences should be viewed on the one hand as a reflection of the attachment (at least on the formal level) of the Azerbaijani law-maker to the principle of the rule of law but, on the other, as an expression of the conviction that among the organs of legal protection the Constitutional Court is best prepared to realize them.
EN
Russian policy in South Caucasus is not a fully effective policy, as Russia’s actions towards Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia are dominated by bilateral relations rather than a single, coherent strategy towards the region. The policy towards these countries also bears the hallmarks of an imperial policy, since it boils down to rewards (in the political, economic or military sphere) for cooperation, or punishments for any action against Russian interests. In addition to enhancing bilateral relations, Russia makes efforts (in accordance with documents issued by official bodies) to integrate the CIS area, of course including the Trans-Caucasus, under its leadership. But it comes up short in these efforts, because not all the Caucasus countries are interested in Russian-led economic integration (within the Eurasian Economic Union), or political and military integration (within CIS, CSTO).
EN
This paper focuses on the academic activity of Mohamad Sadykh bey Aghabekov at the Jan Kazimierz University in Lviv during the years 1927 to 1944. His life and fate form the perfect illustration of the complicated history of the Caucasus and its inhabitants at the turn of the 20th century. He was a Russian officer, an Azerbaijani politician and a political refugee. He was an instructor of Oriental languages at the Faculty of Humanities of the Jan Kazimierz University where he taught Turkish, Persian and Arabic and created the first coursebooks for their study written in Polish.
EN
This article presents the problem faced by the First Azerbaijani Democratic Republic after the proclamation of its statehood in 1918—namely, the lack of a national army. The author describes the beginning of the formation of the Azerbaijani army, the conscription of new recruits from society and their military training, as well as the deepening of their knowledge in terms of the history of Azerbaijan and civic obligations. This article shows the level of patriotic awareness of citizens at the beginning of 1918 and two years later following the programme of educating the society. It also compares the level of armaments and financial status of the conscripts at the beginning of the army’s formation and at the moment when the Red Army occupied the country in 1920.
EN
The article is dedicated the role of the national leader of Azerbaijan Heydar Aliyev in the formation religious tolerance. The author considers the main principles of tolerance in the country, the role and relevance of religious values in a sovereign democratic country.
RU
Статья посвящена роли общенационального лидера Азербайджана Гейдара Алиева в развитии религиозной толерантности. Автор рассматривает основные принципы толерантности в стране, роль и значимость религиозных ценностей в суверенной демократической стране.
18
57%
RU
Статья посвящена описанию научных командировок выдающегося польского востоковеда-тюрколога, профессора Варшавского университета Ананияша Зайончковского в Азербайджан. Автор в журналe „Przegląd Orientalistyczny” и в архиве Варшавского Университета нашла 4 документированные сообщения о его поездках с 1956 по 1969 гг. в эту страну. В статье перечислены темы научных публикаций, с которыми проф. Зайончковский выступал перед азербайджанскими учеными и подан текст двух заявлений ученого с просьбой о предоставлении научного отпуска на время командировок в Азербайджан. Представленная информация также показывает, что азербайджанские коллеги были глубоко заинтересованы научными исследованиями польского ученого в области диалектологии тюркских языков и его вкладом в развитие польской востоковедческой науки.
19
51%
EN
This article presents the history and present-day functioning of the Nizami Museum of Literature in Baku, which is the capital of Azerbaijan. This museum also functions as a research institution and belongs to the structures of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Azerbaijan. As well as having permanent exhibitions devoted to Azerbaijani literature and its creators, it organizes conferences and runs its own publishing house, library and bookstore. It also collects and secures collections relating to literature, Azerbaijani writing and objects that once belonged to writers. It holds valuable manuscripts of Oriental writers. Located in a building that is one of the architectural symbols of Baku, the Nizami Museum of Literature is one of the places that are most frequently visited by tourists in the capital of Azerbaijan.
PL
Artykuł prezentuje historię i współczesną działalność Muzeum Literatury im. Nizamiego w stolicy Azerbejdżanu – Baku. Instytucja ta ma jednocześnie charakter muzealny i naukowy, przynależąc do struktur Akademii Nauk Republiki Azerbejdżanu. Muzeum prezentuje wystawy stałe poświęcone literaturze azerbejdżańskiej, jej twórcom, jak również organizuje konferencje, prowadzi własne wydawnictwo, bibliotekę i księgarnię, gromadzi i zabezpiecza zbiory zarówno związane z literaturą, piśmiennictwem azerbejdżańskim, jak i przedmioty należące do pisarzy. Posiada cenne rękopisy dzieł pisarzy Wschodu. Mieści się w budynku będącym jednym z architektonicznych symboli Baku. Jest jednym z najczęściej odwiedzanych miejsc przez turystów w stolicy Azerbejdżanu.
EN
The article’s aim is to identify the features of EU external energy policy. The author analyses the evolution of EU energy policy and ongoing energy transition, using the primary and secondary legislation and scientific literature. Particular attention is paid to the European Green Deal, which affects EU energy relations with third countries. Azerbaijan was chosen as the case of analysis, because this country is the one of important suppliers of the natural gas to the European Union. The author concludes that the Europeanisation of Azerbaijan through mechanisms of conditionality and externalisation is beneficial to both the EU and Azerbaijan, and this, in turn, will push Azerbaijan to follow the European Green Deal.
PL
Celem artykułu jest identyfikacja cech zewnętrznej polityki energetycznej Unii Europejskiej. Autor analizuje ewolucję polityki energetycznej UE i trwającą transformację energetyczną, wykorzystując ustawodawstwo pierwotne i wtórne oraz literaturę naukową. Szczególną uwagę poświęcono strategii Europejskiego Zielonego Ładu, który wpływa na stosunki energetyczne UE z krajami trzecimi. Do analizy przypadku wybrano Azerbejdżan jako kraj będący jednym z ważnych dostawców gazu ziemnego do państw członkowskich UE. W konkluzjach autor wskazuje, że europeizacja Azerbejdżanu poprzez mechanizmy warunkowości i eksternalizacji jest korzystna zarówno dla UE, jak i Azerbejdżanu, a to z kolei może skłonić Azerbejdżan do podążania za Europejskim Zielonym Ładem.
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