Search results

1

Estimating an impact of base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) countermeasures - a case of business group

100%

Legenzova R., Levišauskaitė K., Kundelis E.

Oeconomia Copernicana

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2017

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vol. 8

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issue 4

621-642

EN

Research background: Base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) is a reduction of corporate income tax base and related corporate income tax payments via taking advantage of tax loopholes. OECD prepared 15 BEPS actions, which set countermeasures to fight tax avoid-ance in a coordinated way and shall be implement by countries on a voluntary basis. Literature review revealed that on a macro-level and company-level the extent of BEPS is large and statistically significant while studies addressing micro-level (transaction-level) impact and BEPS countermeasures' related issues are limited. Purpose of the article: to identify methods and metrics available for evaluation of BEPS countermeasures' impact on a micro-level and to assess BEPS countermeasures' impact on a business group. Methods: the paper employs comparative analysis of scientific and professional literature to identify approaches and methods available for evaluation of BEPS countermeasures' impact on a micro-level; and a case analysis method to assess an expected impact of BEPS coun-termeasures on a specific business group. Findings & Value added: An approach used to estimate BEPS countermeasures impact on the micro-level differs from the one applied in macro-level analysis. To conduct the case analysis, OECD?s proposed macro-level fiscal impact assessment approach has been adapted for a micro-level analysis. It includes the analysis of the transactions subject to BEPS countermeasures and develops an action plan to manage related risks. The conducted case analysis differs from previous research as it employs transaction-level data and estimates fiscal effect of BEPS countermeasures on a micro-level. Analysis of the activities of the specific business group revealed that 5 from 15 countermeasures are relevant and directly applicable to this business group. They would not have an immediate significant direct fiscal effect, but risks related to BEPS countermeasures exist and action plans to manage negative effects of BEPS countermeasures have to be implemented.

2

Assessing impact of base erosion and profit shifting on performance of subsidiaries of multinational corporations in Baltic countries

100%

Kundelis E., Legenzova R.

Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy

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2019

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vol. 14

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issue 2

277-293

EN

Research background: The problem of base erosion and profit shifting by multi-national corporations has been debated from different perspectives because of its multiple impact on the key actors in the economy. Studies refer to its positive impact on companies via corporate taxes saved, but its negative impact on governments via reduced tax collection. A number of empirical studies conducted in different countries support the substantial BEPS impact on company performance, but report differences in its magnitude. Other authors claim that, despite a wide range of tax avoidance opportunities available, tax avoidance is limited due to institutional measures imposed (tax audits, penalties for non-compliance) and high implementation costs. A majority of the previous empirical research covered large countries (USA, Germany) or regions (e.g. Europe), but there is a gap in the re-search assessing the BEPS impact on multinational corporations? subsidiaries? performance in countries with lower corporate income tax rates such as the Baltic countries. Purpose of the article: To assess the impact of base erosion and profit shifting on multinational corporations? subsidiaries? performance in the Baltic countries. Methods: Empirical research is conducted based on the framework employed by Hines and Rice (1994) to measure BEPS impact on company performance. Regression analysis with fixed effects was applied to a sample of 3,422 Latvian, Lithuanian and Estonian subsidiaries of multinational corporations, which are characterized by low corporate tax rates. The data for the period of 2007?2015 was retrieved from the Amadeus database. Findings & Value added: The research revealed that Baltic countries? tax differentials between multinational corporations? parent and subsidiary countries might have a significant impact on the subsidiary?s financial performance. When the tax rate differences between Baltic and the foreign countries decrease by 1%, reported profits in Baltic countries increase by 2.3%, indicating profit-shifting behaviour. This is in line with the empirical literature and practices applied by multinational corporations. It is also in favour of anti-tax avoidance measures introduced by the EC to be adopted by Baltic and other EU countries.

3

Evaluating taxpayers’ attitude in the new tax environment

100%

Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu

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2019

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issue vol. 63, nr 10

19-30

EN

One of the taxpayers responses to taxation is tax avoidance. Due to its intensification, Polish legislator has adopted a series of legislative measures to tighten the tax system. The aim of the article is to examine to what extent changes made to the tax law and in the operational framework of tax authorities, geared towards the tightening of the tax regime, impact on the attitude of Polish entrepreneurs operating at international level. For the purpose of the survey a hypothesis was formulated stating that factors such as more stringent regulation, higher risk of being audited, more severe penalties, social approval for tax avoidance and the perceived absence of procedural justice are correlated with the degree of approval for tax avoidance. In order to verify the hypothesis, questionnaire-based studies were carried out and their results were subsequently subjected to statistical analysis. The results of the conducted studies demonstrated that the above mentioned factors do not directly translate into the approach to tax avoidance and that the tax avoidance itself is still not seen as something negative by a large majority of the population.

PL

Jedną z reakcji podatników na narzucenie im obowiązku płacenia podatków jest jego unikanie. Ze względu na intensyfikację tego zjawiska polski ustawodawca podjął wiele działań legislacyjnych mających na celu uszczelnienie systemu podatkowego. Celem artykułu jest odpowiedź na pytanie, na ile zmiany w prawie podatkowym oraz dotyczące uprawnień organów podatkowych wprowadzone w celu uszczelnienia systemu podatkowego wpłynęły na postawy polskich przedsiębiorców działających w skali międzynarodowej. Zgodnie ze sformułowaną hipotezą badawczą takie czynniki, jak wzrost restrykcyjności przepisów, zwiększenie prawdopodobieństwa kontroli, zaostrzenie kar, społeczna akceptacja unikania opodatkowania oraz odczuwany brak sprawiedliwości procedularnej, są skorelowane z akceptacją unikania opodatkowania. Aby zweryfikować tę hipotezę, przeprowadzono badanie ankietowe. Jego rezultaty poddano następnie analizie statystycznej. Wyniki badania wykazały, że wskazane czynniki nie są bezpośrednio skorelowane z postawą wobec unikania opodatkowania, a unikanie opodatkowania nadal nie jest oceniane negatywnie przez większość badanej populacji.

4

Critical assessment of the tie-breaker rule using the example of the DTT Germany–Poland

100%

Janiszewska M., Węgrzyn M., Kowalski P.

Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu

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2019

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issue vol. 63, nr 9

47-57

EN

Taxpayers establishing their economic and personal interests in more than one country run the risk of becoming a tax resident in more than one tax jurisdiction. The problem of possible double residency shall be solved by Article 4(2) and (3) (the so-called Tie-Breaker Rule) of the OECD Model Tax Convention. Both articles are falling back on national legal definitions, which raises the risk of their different interpretation by the participating countries. The aim of the study is to demonstrate the differences in interpretation of such terms as “resident”, “permanent home”, “centre of vital interests” and “habitual abode” in Poland and Germany. The authors also try to find out whether and how the consistency of the decision- -making process can possibly be achieved. The analysis shows that it can be supported by the efficient and effective information exchange processes as well as increased international cooperation between the tax administrations and the administrative courts. As a research tool the authors used an analysis of subject-matter literature, legal acts, and court decisions.

PL

Podatnicy prowadzący swoje sprawy biznesowe i prywatne w kilku państwach równocześnie ponoszą ryzyko zyskania rezydencji podatkowej w więcej niż jednej jurysdykcji podatkowej. Problem możliwej podwójnej rezydencji powinien być rozwiązany za po- średnictwem art. 4 ust. 2 oraz 3 Modelowej konwencji OECD (tie-breaker rule). Jako że wskazane artykuły odnoszą się do definicji zawartych w prawie krajowym, może to prowadzić do odmiennej interpretacji ze strony poszczególnych państw – stron umowy. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie różnic w interpretacji takich pojęć, jak: rezydent podatkowy, stałe miejsce zamieszkania, centrum interesów życiowych oraz miesce zwykłego pobytu w Polsce i w Niemczech. Autorzy próbują również odpowiedzieć na pytanie, czy i w jaki sposób może zostać osiągnięta spójność decyzyjna w tym zakresie. Analiza wskazuje, że do jej osiągnięcia może przyczynić się wydajny i efektywny system wymiany informacji, jak również wzmożona współpraca międzynarodowa pomiędzy administracjami podatkowymi i sądami administra-cyjnymi stron umowy. Jako narzędzia badawcze wykorzystano analizę literatury przedmiotu, aktów prawnych oraz orzecznictwa.

5

Regulacje z zakresu międzynarodowego prawa podatkowego a wdrożenie działań BEPS

100%

Gajewski D. J.

Studia BAS

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2018

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issue 2(54)

113-138

EN

The article looks at the international regulations on income taxation and profit generated by entities conducting cross-border activity. Particular attention is given to current trends in international tax law and domestic legislation, which are related to BEPS schemes (Base Erosion and Profit Shifting). BEPS refers to corporate tax strategies used by transnational companies in order to shift profits from higher-tax locations to lower-tax ones. The author focuses on the Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital, adopted by OECD in order to shape legal framework with a view to combat tax evasion. Proposals developed in this act are also discussed.

6

Multilateral Convention (MLI) – Tax Evolution or Revolution?

89%

Franczak A.

Studia Iuridica Lublinensia

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2018

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vol. 27

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issue 2

EN

The Multilateral Convention (Multilateral Instrument to Modify Bilateral Tax Treaties – MLI) is an international agreement, which was signed on 7 June 2017 in Paris. The provisions thereof introduce a tax settlement counteracting the abuse of double taxation agreements. The aim of this article is to offer an insight into both the origin and the resolutions of MLI. In the publication, an attempt was made in order to analyse and assess the impact of the Convention on the taxation system.

PL

Konwencja Wielostronna (Multilateral Instrument to Modify Bilateral Tax Treaties – MLI) to umowa międzynarodowa, która została podpisana 7 czerwca 2017 r. w Paryżu. Zapisy Konwencji MLI wprowadzają porozumienie podatkowe zapobiegające nadużywaniu umów o unikaniu podwójnego opodatkowania. Celem opracowania jest przybliżenie genezy oraz założeń Konwencji Wielostronnej. Podjęto też próbę analizy i oceny wpływu Konwencji na system podatkowy.

7

The phenomenon of tax avoidance – the essence, causes and measures (clauses) of prevention in the EU

89%

Szołno-Koguc J., Ołówko N.

Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H – Oeconomia

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2019

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vol. 53

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issue 3

EN

The problem of tax avoidance in the European Union (EU) has existed since the beginning of the EU internal market and is an important aspect at both the national and international levels. Among the most important reasons for this phenomenon are the inconsistent regulations and solutions applied in the tax systems of individual countries, the diverse and complicated nature of financial instruments and structures, the insufficient cooperation of tax administrations in EU countries or harmful tax competition. This state of affairs causes negative consequences for the budgets of individual countries and discriminates against honest taxpayers, because tax profits derived from tax evasion are invested in a competitive struggle against companies that reliably settle accounts with the tax authorities. The construction of an efficient and effective, yet fully fair tax system in the EU is intended to eliminate or significantly reduce the problem of tax avoidance. This is achieved by the measures currently underway (e.g. the introduction of a directive against tax avoidance or the elaboration by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) regarding the recommendations for local administrations in the field of national tax regulations). This article aims to highlight the importance of the tax avoidance problem and to present selected actions to solve it at both the national and EU levels. The structure of the study has been subordinated to the above, as along with the applied research method, including the analytical and conceptual approach.

PL

The problem of tax avoidance in the European Union (EU) has existed since the beginning of the EU internal market and is an important aspect at both the national and international levels. Among the most important reasons for this phenomenon are the inconsistent regulations and solutions applied in the tax systems of individual countries, the diverse and complicated nature of fiancial instruments and structures, the insufficient cooperation of tax administrations in EU countries or harmful tax competition. This state of affairs causes negative consequences for the budgets of individual countries and discriminates against honest taxpayers, because tax profits derived from tax evasion are invested in a competitive struggle against companies that reliably settle accounts with the tax authorities. The construction of an efficient and effective, yet fully fair tax system in the EU is intended to eliminate or significantly reduce the problem of tax avoidance. This is achieved by the measures currently underway (e.g. the introduction of a directive against tax avoidance or the elaboration by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) regarding the recommendations for local administrations in the field of national tax regulations). This article aims to highlight the importance of the tax avoidance problem and to present selected actions to solve it at both the national and EU levels. The structure of the study has been subordinated to the above, as along with the applied research method, including the analytical and conceptual approach.

8

Wykorzystanie koncepcji substance z perspektywy międzynarodowych regulacji podatkowych

87%

Rusek J.

Kwartalnik Prawa Podatkowego

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2019

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issue 1

45-60

EN

The aim of this article is to demonstrate different ways in which the concept of economic substance is used on an international basis. From that perspective the outcomes of the BEPS project were firstly examined. Another area of interest was the usage of the concept of economic substance by the OECD Model Tax Convention. Bearing in mind the above works the concept of economic substance – understood as creation of value basing on really performed functions, engaged assets and employees as well as borne risks – was found particularly useful for the purpose of counteracting tax avoidance.

PL

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie rozmaitych sposobów wykorzystania koncepcji treści ekonomicznej (substance) na gruncie międzynarodowym. Z tej perspektywy w pierwszej kolejności analizie zostały poddane prace prowadzone w ramach projektu BEPS. Rozważane było także posługiwanie się pojęciem substance przez Modelową Konwencję OECD. Biorąc pod uwagę powyższe regulacje, koncepcja treści – rozumianej jako tworzenie wartości przy uwzględnieniu rzeczywiście pełnionych funkcji, zaangażowanych aktywów, zatrudnionych pracowników, ponoszonego ryzyka różnego rodzaju – została uznana za szczególnie użyteczną dla przeciwdziałania negatywnemu zjawisku unikania opodatkowania.

9

Reform of International Taxation In Russia

75%

Kilinkarova E.

Financial Law Review

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2020

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vol. 19

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issue 3

20-35

EN

This contribution deals with signifi cant changes in regulation of cross-border taxation in Russia that have been introduced since 2014 mainly due to the impact of the governmental policy of deoffshorization aimed at fighting the offshore character of Russian economy. At the same time participation in the OECD BEPS Project also infl uenced the international tax landscape in Russia. The analysis of the key substantive and procedural rules that were introduced in the course of the international tax reform in Russia is the key goal of the article. The author covers controlled foreign companies rules, management test for corporate tax residence, beneficial ownership concept, automatic exchange of information and key changes in the tax treaty network. The author aims to show steps that were taken by Russia in its reform of international taxation in order to confi rm the hypothesis that in cross-border taxation Russia uses the widespread mechanisms and soft law recommendations while going its own way and often setting its own versions of the main elements of the international taxation landscape. Another important issue under consideration is the balance between unilateral, bilateral and multilateral regulation of international taxation in Russia.

10

Regulacje CFC w świetle pozostałych rekomendacji OECD z projektu BEPS – stosunek zbieżności, wykluczenia oraz paralelizmu

71%

Majdowski F.

Kwartalnik Prawa Podatkowego

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2017

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issue 1

63-98

EN

The subject of the article is to present the OECD’s recommendations issued within the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) project as regards the relation between CFC regulations and the other action points from this project. The analysis reveals that such recommendations do not have a holistic nature, i.e. they do not envisage an explicit hierarchy between them, and that the impact of CFC regulations on the BEPS phenomenon has in majority of cases a subsidiary character in light of the primary recommendations, such as, for instance, the ones on neutralizing tax hybridization, limiting tax deductibility of financial payments or fighting harmful tax regimes.

PL

Przedmiotem artykułu jest omówienie rekomendacji OECD wydanych na tle projektu Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) odnośnie do relacji regulacji CFC z innymi działaniami w ramach tego projektu. Analiza wytycznych przedstawionych przez OECD do projektu BEPS pokazuje, iż nie mają one charakteru holistycznego, czyli nie przewidują one wyraźnej hierarchizacji tych wytycznych, oraz że oddziaływanie regulacji CFC na zjawisko BEPS ma większości przypadków charakter subsydiarny względem tych innych podstawowych rekomendacji, jak przykładowo wskazówek dotyczących neutralizacji hybrydyzacji podatkowej, ograniczenia potrącalności podatkowej płatności finansowych czy też zwalczania szkodliwych reżimów podatkowych.

11

Best practices concerning private tax rulings according to Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) Action 5 and Polish Tax Law

63%

Morawski W., Lasiński-Sulecki K., Prejs E.

Przegląd Ustawodawstwa Gospodarczego

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2021

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issue 10

2-10

PL

Celem niniejszego artykułu jest ocena stopnia implementacji do polskiego prawa podatkowego najlepszych praktyk dotyczących interpretacji podatkowych opracowanych w ramach Działania 5 projektu BEPS. Autorzy przedstawiają polski system interpretacji podatkowych. Następnie dokonują oceny stopnia implementacji każdej z najlepszych praktyk. Autorzy formułują również krytyczne uwagi do najlepszych praktyk OECD. W ocenie autorów polska regulacja dotycząca interpretacji podatkowych generalnie spełnia większość wymogów OECD, przede wszystkim dlatego, że jest systemem w pełni transparentnym.

EN

The aim of this article is to assess the degree of the implementation of the best practices concerning tax rulings developed under Action 5 of the BEPS Project in Polish tax law. The authors present the current situation of Poland's tax ruling system. Then, the authors assess the degree of implementation of each best practice. The authors also formulate critical comments on the OECD's best practices. In the opinion of the authors, the Polish tax ruling regulation generally meets most of the OECD's requirements, primarily because it is a fully transparent system.

Refine search results

Estimating an impact of base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) countermeasures - a case of business group

Assessing impact of base erosion and profit shifting on performance of subsidiaries of multinational corporations in Baltic countries

Evaluating taxpayers’ attitude in the new tax environment

Critical assessment of the tie-breaker rule using the example of the DTT Germany–Poland

Regulacje z zakresu międzynarodowego prawa podatkowego a wdrożenie działań BEPS

Multilateral Convention (MLI) – Tax Evolution or Revolution?

The phenomenon of tax avoidance – the essence, causes and measures (clauses) of prevention in the EU

Wykorzystanie koncepcji substance z perspektywy międzynarodowych regulacji podatkowych

Reform of International Taxation In Russia

Regulacje CFC w świetle pozostałych rekomendacji OECD z projektu BEPS – stosunek zbieżności, wykluczenia oraz paralelizmu

Best practices concerning private tax rulings according to Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) Action 5 and Polish Tax Law