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1

THE EFFECT OF THE DEGREE OF LOYALTY AND RELATEDNESS ON DISCOUNTING HYPOTHETICAL MONEY GAINS (Wplyw stopnia lojalnosci i pokrewienstwa na dyskontowanie hipotetycznych nagrod pienieznych)

100%
Osinski J. T.
Psychologia-Etologia-Genetyka
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2008
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vol. 18
71-86
EN
The term social discounting refers to the decrease of a subjective value of a reward to be shared with one or more people compared to a reward exclusive to an individual. Similarly to temporal and probabilistic discounting, this process can have an adaptive function. Based on Trivers' reciprocal altruism and Hamilton's inclusive fitness theories, the following hypotheses were formulated: (1) there should be discounting relative to the degree of a partner's loyalty, i.e. the subjective value of a resource to be shared with another person should decrease as that person's loyalty decreases; (2) the rate of social discounting relative to the partner's loyalty should be lower for relatives than for unrelated recipients; (3) the rate of social discounting should be negatively correlated with agreeableness; (4) the rate of social discounting when sharing with an unrelated person should be negatively correlated with neuroticism; (5) there should be a positive correlation between the rate of social and probabilistic discounting. In order to verify these hypotheses, we measured the rate of social discounting in 200 subjects aged 18-53 years. The results confirmed hypotheses one, two, and three.
2

YOUNG ADULTS FACED WITH GLOBAL CHANGES: A VIEW IN THE CONTEXT OF PSYCHOLOGY OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES

88%
Ledzinska M.
Psychologia-Etologia-Genetyka
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2006
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vol. 13
35-57
EN
An attempt was made in the study to apply the knowledge from the field of psychology of differences to the comprehension of certain social phenomena at the turn of the century. These phenomena are referred to as globalisation and defined as the permeation of material and immaterial goods due to modern technology, effecting a tightening of mutual dependence. Global changes are the domain of studies that mainly concern contemporary theoreticians, at the forefront of which are sociologists, who highlight the modifications in relationships between the individual and the milieu. One of the key psychological issues in the given field remains the definition of the most important challenges of the age of globalisation. These seem to be comprised of - under conditions of permanent change - psychological uncertainty and the accompanying risk of taking personal decisions in important areas of life (studies, work, and family). In the authoress' own research, the interest heads towards the personal resources of young adults (18-35 age group) that are significant in estimating risk in the sphere of important life decisions. The specificity of those decisions, which were revealed in the responses to questionnaire questions, allow the respondents to be classified into one of three groups: modern (pro-global), traditional (preventative) and indirect (undecided). The subjective conditioning (personal resources) of attitudes towards globalisation were sought in the specificity of the personality and the mind. The personality diagnostic process was based on Costy & McCrae's 'Big Five' Concept as well as the NEO-FFI Questionnaire, which was devised on the basis thereof. The nature of cognitive inclinations was the reference point in the diagnostic field of the mind. R. Sternberg's concept of mental self-government was used as well as the Polish adaptation of the MSG Inventory that was devised on the basis thereof. Analysis of the results has revealed that there are more similarities than differences in the field of personality traits and thinking styles between persons of varying attitudes towards globalisation in the study group of seventy students from institutions of higher education in Warsaw. Among the ascertained differences, it is significant that there is a greater tendency to compromise among persons in the 'traditional' group in comparison to the 'modern' and 'indirect' group. A connection between preferring the progressive style and extraversion as well as openness; and the predilection to apply an inner style and openness to experience, was observed on the scale of the whole group. The results obtained confirm the legitimacy of searching for cognitive and personality conditioning of personal decisions in the age of global changes in a demographically more diverse group of respondents.
3

BEING NICE OR BEING SCARED? PERSONALITY TRAITS, BELIEFS AND THREAT OF COVID-19 AS PREDICTORS OF NON-NORMATIVE HEALTH BEHAVIOURS DURING SECOND WAVE OF PANDEMIC

88%
Čavojová V., Ballová Mikušková E., Šrol J.
Studia Psychologica
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2022
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vol. 64
|
issue 1
45 - 63
EN
The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the need to examine factors related to questionable health behaviour, such as avoiding recommended preventive guidelines. This paper aimed to explore whether behaviour reflecting active avoidance of preventive measures against COVID-19 (curfew regulations, hygiene, facial masks, and social distancing) was best predicted by personality traits (Big Five), health beliefs, or feelings of threat. Thousand and twenty-four adults (486 men, 536 women) aged between 18 – 81 years participated in the study, which was run in early November 2020, when the second wave in Slovakia started to gain momentum and a strict lockdown was issued. Results showed that health threat was connected with having fewer questionable health beliefs, while economic threat was connected with having more questionable health beliefs, and together these factors were the strongest predictors of avoiding preventive regulations. From personality traits, higher Extraversion and lower Agreeableness predicted questionable health behaviour, but together they added only 2.4% of explained variance. Our results highlight the fact that one year after the outbreak, the COVID-19 pandemic is no longer only (if it ever was) a health threat. The shift from health focus to the economic and socio-political threat should not be taken lightly, as it has implications for adherence to preventive measures against COVID-19 and people’s beliefs regarding the pandemic.
4

BIG FIVE OFFERS ONLY A WEAK PREDICTION OF POLITICS, REGARDLESS OF THE APPROACH

88%
Uhrovič F., Halama P., Kohút M., Martinkovič M.
Studia Psychologica
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2023
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vol. 65
|
issue 3
197 - 212
EN
The present study examines the Big Five traits and socio-demographic factors as predictors of both traditional left-right and liberal-conservative positions of Slovak voters (N = 704). As shown in previous research, Open-Mindedness and Conscientiousness are significant but weak predictors of both political axes, while Agreeableness plays a surprising role in predicting left-right orientation. To overcome the limitations of traditional political axes, three latent variables of the Slovak political space were discovered by exploratory factor analysis (EFA) of political preferences: sympathy towards old/new government, socially conservative parties, and a non-populist coalition. The former is significantly predicted by Open-Mind¬edness, while the latter is predicted by Conscientiousness. Overall, the Big Five traits predict a small but significant variance in political variables.
5

Religijność a cechy osobowości u studentów warszawskich uczelni wyższych

75%
Dąbrowska A. D., Narkiewicz-Jodko W.
Psychologia-Etologia-Genetyka
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2013
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vol. 27
25-40
EN
The object of this research is the relationship of religiosity and Big Five personality traits. Religiosity has been defined as a three-way property (spiritual, intellectual and physical), and for the measurement of religiosity a questionnaire was constructed containing 4 bipolar scales: Dualism, Magical Religiosity, Intellectual Openness and Ritualism. The study group consisted of 260 Polish students of Warsaw universities. Correlation and group comparison were used for the analysis. Groups were distinguished on the basis of the results obtained on a single religiosity scale or the configuration of two scales (religious types). Theists showed the highest neuroticism. People with high magical religiosity, open-minded, non-practicing religion and atheists were the most open to experience. The most agreeable were recipients adopting a dualistic ontology (theistic or magical belief), particularly if they were practicing religion and had a closed-mind. The highest conscientiousness had ritualists, agnostics (compared to the atheists), and the closed magical type (high magical religiosity and a closed-mind structure). Extraversion showed no relationship with any of the religiosity scale – only agnostics showed higher level of this trait at the tendency level in comparison with the atheists.
6

PERSONALITY PERCEPTION IN INSTANT MESSENGER COMMUNICATION IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC AND PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

75%
Linkov V., Šmerk P., Li B., Šmahel D.
Studia Psychologica
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2014
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vol. 56
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issue 4
287 – 299
EN
Personality perception accuracy after instant messenger communication and relation of content of messages to self- and stranger-perceived personality were examined in two cultures. Czech and Chinese subjects were paired into couples with a stranger and spoke with him or her through Windows Live Messenger (in the Czech Republic) or QQ (in China). After 30-40 minutes conversation they filled out Big Five questionnaires about their partner’s personality and about themselves. In the Czech study, there was a correlation 0.39 between self-perceived and partner perceived extraversion. In the Chinese study, correlations between self-perception and partner-perception of a subject’s personality were 0.49 for neuroticism, 0.38 for extraversion, 0.35 for openness to experience, and 0.28 for agreeableness. Possible reasons for Chinese higher personality perception accuracy can be higher proneness to “dialectical thinking” or higher experience with using online communication for social sharing and perceiving.
7

EMERGING ADULTHOOD – AN EASY TIME OF BEING? MEANING IN LIFE AND SATISFACTION WITH LIFE IN THE TIME OF EMERGING ADULTHOOD

75%
Kohútová V., Špajdel M., Dědová M.
Studia Psychologica
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2021
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vol. 63
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issue 3
307 – 321
EN
Personality seems to be a stable predictor of satisfaction with life and meaning in life. The effects of emerging adulthood are currently under-explored. The aim of the present study is to explore whether the characteristics of emerging adulthood explain additional variance in satisfaction with life and meaning in life that is not explained by the Big Five factors. The sample involved 244 Slovak university students (13.1% men), who completed the Satisfaction with Life Scale, Meaning in Life Questionnaire, Big Five Inventory-2 and the Questionnaire of Emerging Adulthood characteristics. The results of linear hierarchical regression analyses, controlling for age and gender, showed that emerging adulthood characteristics added 6.4% of the explained variance in satisfaction with life, 28.1% of the explained variance in presence of meaning and 17.1% of the explained variance in search for meaning. The current study shows that the emerging adulthood characteristics are important for satisfaction with life and meaning in life.
8

INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN COMPLIANCE WITH COVID-19 CONTAINMENT MEASURES IN V4 COUNTRIES

75%
Kušnírová K., Kačmár P.
Studia Psychologica
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2022
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vol. 64
|
issue 1
8 – 25
EN
The present study corroborates the role of personality in predicting adherence to containment measures in the Visegrád Four countries (Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia) with a total sample of N = 7463 participants. The Big-five traits predicted compliance both directly and indirectly, via concerns over coronavirus and trust in organizations. Openness, Conscientiousness, and Extraversion predicted compliance positively, while Neuroticism and Agreeableness negatively. Furthermore, the effect was mediated by corona concerns. Although Agreeableness, Neuroticism, Openness, and Conscientiousness predicted compliance negatively, the mediating role of trust was corroborated only for Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism and the effect size was smaller. The implications are that personality could be considered an important factor in compliant behaviour even in an “extreme” situation such as a pandemic, and that this effect is also indirect via concerns over coronavirus and trust in institutions (although to a much lesser degree). The findings might help practitioners tailor effective messages in times of pandemic.
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