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Metodologiczne podłoże bioetyki

100%
Adamkiewicz M.
Archeus. Studia z bioetyki i antropologii filozoficznej
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2012
|
vol. 13
5-20
EN
The article in a historical way shows development of the modern bioethicThe article in a historical way shows development of the modern bioethics and its methodological status. Bioethics is seen as an interdisciplinary field that is used for explaining complex biomedical issues, describing the nature and direction of changes in science and technology. The text shows the main research fields of bioethics, which include theoretical, clinical, legal, political, and cultural aspects. The list of problem areas within the scope of bioethics emphasizes on the one hand the diversity of its interests, and on the other hand suggests the need for a holistic approach to contemporary moral issues that directly penetrate into the realm of biological existence and survival. The article in a historical way shows development of the modern bioethics and its methodological status. Bioethics is seen as an interdisciplinary field that is used for explaining complex biomedical issues, describing the nature and direction of changes in science and technology. The text shows the main research fields of bioethics, which include theoretical, clinical, legal, political, and cultural aspects. The list of problem areas within the scope of bioethics emphasizes on the one hand the diversity of its interests, and on the other hand suggests the need for a holistic approach to contemporary moral issues that directly penetrate into the realm of biological existence and survival. The article in a historical way shows development of the modern bioethics and its methodological status. Bioethics is seen as an interdisciplinary field that is used for explaining complex biomedical issues, describing the nature and direction of changes in science and technology. The text shows the main research fields of bioethics, which include theoretical, clinical, legal, political, and cultural aspects. The list of problem areas within the scope of bioethics emphasizes on the one hand the diversity of its interests, and on the other hand suggests the need for a holistic approach to contemporary moral issues that directly penetrate into the realm of biological existence and survival. s and its methodological status. Bioethics is seen as an interdisciplinary field that is used for explaining complex biomedical issues, describing the nature and direction of changes in science and technology. The text shows the main research fields of bioethics, which include theoretical, clinical, legal, political, and cultural aspects. The list of problem areas within the scope of bioethics emphasizes on the one hand the diversity of its interests, and on the other hand suggests the need for a holistic approach to contemporary moral issues that directly penetrate into the realm of biological existence and survival.
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DYSKUSJA WOKÓŁ PROBLEMU ŚMIERCI MÓZGOWEJ CZŁOWIEKA – DAWCY ORGANÓW. MIĘDZY BIOLOGIĄ, BIOMEDYCYNĄ I FILOZOFIĄ

80%
Wróbel J.
Roczniki Teologii Moralnej
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2011
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vol. 3(58)
153-178
EN
Pronouncing the death of a man is essentially connected with the question about the moral limits of reanimation actions and about taking tissues and organs from human corpses. As medicine developed it was decided that the proper criterion of the death of a man is his cerebral death. However, acceptance of this criterion arouses controversies and raises objections. The author of the article shows the contemporary development of this method of pronouncing a man dead, the main reasons for objections and the stand taken by the Church. In the further part he shows the significance of the brain as the factor integrating the man’s living processes. He does it from the perspective of the respiratory, circulatory, nervous and endocrinological systems. On the other hand, he stresses that along with the death of the brain disintegration of the human person begins. Disintegration of this unity on the biological level reveals the “separation” of the body and the soul as the unifying principle that has already happened; that is, it reveals the man’s death that has already taken place.
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Bio- und Medizinethik in Ländern Mittel- und Osteuropas. Eine Hinführung

80%
Banse G., Bartikova M.
Teorie vědy (Theory of Science)
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2007
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vol. 16/29
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issue 1
5-19
EN
The area of biomedicine is one of the fastes developing areas of science and technology. The perception of its possible and expected positive or negative impacts results in the growing number of bioethical discussions in scientific community, politics and public. Their intensity, focus and used methods differ from country to country. The authors of the prologue have tried to map the state of the art and expected development of bioethical discussion in the countries of Middle and Eastern Europe. In the beginning, they addressed the bioethical experts with short questionnaire from 7 'new' European countries (Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia) and two 'old' European countries (Germany and Austria). In the end, seven experts have responded their questions (Czech Republic, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Austria and Germany) and expressed their expectations and difficulties of the development of bioethical discussions and institutionalisations in their countries. The authors summarize in the prologue the most interesting results.
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ETICKÁ A AXIOLOGICKÁ REFLEXE ŽIVOTA ZVÍŘAT A SE ZVÍŘATY (NĚKOLIK POZNÁMEK K TÉMATU)

80%
Jemelka P.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
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2014
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vol. 69
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issue 6
482 – 492
EN
At present, the so-called “animal ethics“ is quite a standard part of bioethics. The moral dimension of humans´ attitudes to animals became a traditional and at the same time inspiring subject in the field, though such efforts are neither new nor unique in history. Contemporary ethics is not just a theory. It is in many ways closely related to particular forms of human practice. In veterinary ethics, for instance, certain biomedical aspects intertwine with so-called “animal ethical theory”.
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Nomadic Subjects

80%
Braidotti R.
Teksty Drugie (Second Texts)
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2007
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issue 6(108)
107-129
EN
The autoress' book 'Nomadic Studies: Embodiment and Sexual Difference in Contemporary Feminist Theory' touches upon the most important issues of our contemporary feminist debate, including, inter alia: western epistemology vs. femininity; feminism vs. bioethics; individual issues of European feminism and how the American feminism may affect the theories conceived in Europe. She defends a trans-disciplinary and multidisciplinary methodology of building a female, but also a male, subjectivity in the context of the present time which less and less frequently enables one to refer to the roots whilst more and more frequently requiring from its nomadic dwellers to seek for new methods of constructing their own 'self'. A 'nomadic subject' forms subjectivity being free of any nostalgia for durability, the idea of constancy or permanency being quit. The authoress approaches the option to build feminine subjectivity in political terms, dialogue being deemed its key element. Dialoguing requires a redefinition of what is man in a circumstance where the old definitions prove non-useful, for what is human is re-constructed in the context of global economy, technological revolution, emergence of multicultural societies, or a new social/cultural reality. Her suggestion is that the sexual difference be treated as a positive element of asymmetry between males and females - so that whatever a woman can offer might transform our contemporary policy and the world. Providing that femininity can be defined in a variety of ways.
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Ekologiczna wymowa dialektyki oświecenia

80%
Łepko Z.
Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae
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2010
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vol. 8
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issue 2
121-135
EN
The title of this paper relates directly to the celebrated work of Max Horkheimer and Theodor W. Adorno: Dialektik der Aufklärung. Philosophische Fragmente. It shows as on dialectical, because the ideas associated with engage the rational mastery of the world from the degeneration of the practical ideas in increasingly sophisticated forms of man's dominion over man. Ecological interpretation of such understanding of the dialectic of Enlightenment gives it a modern expression in the sense that it points to one of the most pressing contemporary problems, born of the mythical inspiration functioning of enlightened reason, and today, in the name of being a man claiming to be his task to demythologise reality. Broadly speaking, in the name of human freedom the idea is to overcome the enlightenment tradition of freedom, or its’ degeneration in more subtle forms of practical denial. This study follows this line of reasoning and expresses the conviction that today appears to illustrate the dialectic of enlightenment in environmental and bioethical issues.
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Postulat czwartej generacji praw człowieka w politycznym systemie międzynarodowej ochrony – próba filozoficznego uzasadnienia z perspektywy personalizmu etycznego

80%
Ciszek M.
Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae
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2010
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vol. 8
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issue 1
105-116
EN
In my article I presented conception of the fourth generation worked out by Catholic ethics. Mentioned conception according to Catholic ethics should be the law’s standard in international system of protection of human rights. I tried to explained a sense of this conception from the philosophy perspective linking to the basic law’s acts.
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BIOETIKA JAKO DISCIPLÍNA (NĚKOLIK POZNÁMEK K OTÁZCE STATUSU TOHOTO ODBORU)

80%
Jemelka P.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
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2007
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vol. 62
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issue 3
186-190
EN
The basic question of the paper is the position of the bioethics theory among other theories. What is a bioethically coherent methodological point of view - anthropocentrism or biocentrism? Is this theory focused only on the human problems (medicine, law, human rights etc.)? The author tries to answer these questions.
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O POTREBE GLOBÁLNEJ BIOETIKY V MULTIKULTÚRNOM SVETE

80%
Sýkora P.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
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2007
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vol. 62
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issue 3
191-202
EN
Before we start to think about the universal and global bioethical norms, we have to ask, whether we really need them. In this paper, we bring three examples to demonstrate the need for a global regulation in the biomedicine. The first example shows how the Internet facilitates the human organs and embryos market to boom. The second example focuses on global aspects of a biopiracy and the third one on a female genital mutilation (FGM), which points to the conflict between the universalistic approach and the principles of the multiculturalism. In conclusion we shortly discuss the conceptual problems of the ongoing process of a global bioethics forming itself as an extension of the UN universal human rights.
10
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CHINA'S EUGENICS LAW IN THE LIGHT OF CULTURAL BIOETHICS

80%
Strzadala A.
Archeus. Studia z bioetyki i antropologii filozoficznej
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2006
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vol. 7
105-114
EN
The text is concerned with the reception of China's Eugenic Law that was introduced in 1995. Eugenics is perceived and judged differently in different cultures. In western bioethics opponents of eugenics claim that it is a violation of basic human ethical rules. Advocates of eugenic law substantiate their position referring to the specificity of Chinese culture and undermine the existence of a universal system of values. Representatives of Chinese bioethics, who support the eugenic law, mainly refer to Confucian philosophy. The reception of eugenics in different cultures is a part of a bigger problem - ethical implications of the development of science and technology. Again, it raises the question about the existence of objective and universal values.
11
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Bioetyka a moralność o nieetyczności medycznych kodeksów etycznych

80%
Kopania J.
Archeus. Studia z bioetyki i antropologii filozoficznej
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2012
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vol. 13
21-41
EN
The author of the article analyzes contents of the so-called medical codes of ethics which are currently in common usage. He proves the contents are unnecessary repetitio of legal acts, but they do not include instructions how the physician should act in situations which by nature are not regulated by law, but require moral solutions on the part of the physician. The author postulates for the creation of medical codes of ethics on the basis of Adam Smith’s distinction between personal virtues and social virtues. Only the latter can be included in legislation, i.e. they can be codified in form of legal norms. Thus, in medical codes of ethics one should codify only orders and prohibitions based on personal virtues such as kindness, altruism, or love for fellow man.
12
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THE PATIENT IS NOT A THING. REMARKS ON POSSIBLE POSITIVE INFLUENCE OF BIOETHICS ON PHYSICIANS' ATTITUDES (Pacjent nie jest rzecza. Uwagi o mozliwym korzystnym wplywie bioetyki na postawy lekarzy)

80%
Sleczek-Czakon D.
Archeus. Studia z bioetyki i antropologii filozoficznej
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2010
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vol. 11
5-13
EN
The article discusses the question of proper relations between physicians and their patients. Medical ethics - the traditional one (Hippocratean) and the contemporary one which bases on bioethics - determines medical goals, appoints physicians' responsibilities, and assumes certain system of values which should be observed by physicians. There are differences between the two. The former is usually code, deontological or, in a way, paternal ethics (even when it talks about the patient's rights and autonomy). The latter on a metaethical level tries to describe the most important goals and means, it gives more room for individual choice, and it demands reflection, consideration and evaluation of situation both from the physician and the patient. That is why bioethics is not valued by physicians because it complicates matters, it does not give unambiguous advice, and it is not particularly well-known (bioethical issues have little share in educating physicians and contacts between bioethicists and physicians are scarce). The author shows that two bioethical standpoints (principialism and personalism), though considered as opposing, share the same goal (the patient's good, concern for the patient, non-instrumental treatment of the patient). Independently of which of the bioethical standpoints is considered correct, the knowledge of bioethical issues and ability to solve bioethical dilemmas enable to shape critical thinking and imagination which is the basis of so important features as modesty, care (or prudence), sensitivity, and responsibility. If persuasive power of ethics can be shown, then it is also possible to attribute such a property to bioethics. Realizing (and feeling) who the patient is, learning about asymmetry in relations between the physician and the patient can positively influence the physician's attitude. Given examples of reprehensible (instrumental only) treating of patients and the reasons behind the examples (strong, unjustified paternalism of physicians, arrogance, routine, incompetence, lack of sensitivity, bad job organization, economic issues set as priority) prove that what is an axiomatically assumed principle in medicine and medical professions has not been internalized by some physicians. The postulate that all physicians should be fluent in bioethical issues is exaggerated. The requirement that the patient is viewed and treated as a person is fundamental.
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BIOMEDICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF INTERDISCIPLINARY STRATEGIES: MORAL AND LEGAL ARGUMENTS

70%
Yaskevich Y.
Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric
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2009
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issue 16(29)
333-352
EN
The aims of this paper are: to show the dynamics of moral and legal arguments in the modern bioethics, to analyse retrospectively the main phases of the development of bioethics as a science, to find the developmental mechanisms of organizational and educational strategies of bioethical thinking and of the National Bioethical Committee in the Republic of Belarus. The paper also focuses also on particular aspects of cooperation between Ethics Committees (ECs) and patients in biomedical research.
14

Bioetyka a wiara

61%
Wróbel J.
Rocznik Teologii Katolickiej
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2012
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vol. 11
147-166
EN
The problem of a relation between bioethics and faith is complex when it refers to Christian religion. It begins on the plane of the relationship between philosophy and Christian philosophy, more exactly, of the disputable question whether philosophy can have a Christian character. In the light of methodological principles, philosophy (the natural one) seems to exclude religious motives in advance. A similar problem can be observed in the i eld of ethics. In its proper sense, it is a philosophical science (as has been stated in the above dei nitions of bioethics). If so, ethics is, in its wrong sense, a form of moral theology, as it has occurred in the socalled ‘theological ethics’ being the i eld of research of some authors.
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KULTURA TRADIČNĚ MUSLIMSKÉ EGYPTSKÉ SPOLEČNOSTI JAKO KONTEXT KŘESŤANSKÉ BIOETIKY

61%
Franc J.
Verba Theologica. Teologický časopis
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2018
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vol. 17
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issue 1
5 – 18
EN
Bioethical issues have been officially discussed in the Coptic Orthodox Church since 1987. Bioethical questions as well as answers presented by the church authorities disclose the strong influence of traditional Muslim culture of Egypt. The fundamental Christian bioethics is missing; however, we can find at least studies focused on special bioethical issues. Before the first official statement of the Coptic Orthodox Church to bioethical issues was published the bioethical studies of the Coptic monk and theologian Matthew the Poor were published in late sixties. In his bioethical studies we can recognise wider theological concept, nevertheless, the fundamental bioethics is still missing. Still, his bioethical reasoning is also under strong influence of modern Egyptian culture based on the religion of Islam. The paper focuses on the description of the affiliation between the tenets of Muslim culture and the Christian theological discussion.
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PROBLEMATYKA BIOETYCZNA W OBRĘBIE PSYCHOLOGII I PSYCHIATRII

61%
Wrobel J.
Roczniki Teologii Moralnej
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2010
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issue 2(57)
67-90
EN
The issue of psychophysical health, mental diseases, their etiology and forms of therapy gives rise to many legal, ethical and deontological problems. A lot of cases of mental disturbances analyzed from the therapeutic perspective not only assume referring to deontological and legal reflection, but demand bioethical analysis as well. This especially concerns the use of therapies based on contemporary biotechniques, biotechnologies and neurophysiology that attempt to reach not only the sphere of symptoms, but also the sphere of causes of mental disturbances and diseases. Attempts to make the expectations for psychology and psychiatry objective have been verbalized in numerous deontological, ethical and legal documents. The ethical perspective presents as the main aim rescuing the patient's mental health as the ability to be a free and conscious subject of his acts. The choice of methods and therapeutic techniques should have the integral good of the person as its aim, with simultaneously minimizing unfavorable side effects. Hence one has to be cautious about such treatments as electroconvulsive therapy or psycho-surgical interference. It is unethical to use mentally ill persons in non-therapeutic medical experiments and as organ donors in transplant operations.
17

Czy decydujemy o swojej śmierci?

61%
Jantos M.
Kwartalnik Filozoficzny
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2014
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vol. 42
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issue 3
171-185
EN
Along with intensively developing, life-prolonging medical technology, various issues arise related to the procedure of dying. May one give up life-sustaining therapy that is medically recommended but undesired by the patient? May one resign from making use of medical procedures (through something known as a living will or advance directive)? People do want to decide about the manner and the time of their own death but they are deprived of this right. Is a suicide committed with the help of a doctor morally justified? Should a medically supported suicide should be pennitted by law? The idea of a living will first appeared in Poland in public debate in 2008. In Polish law there is no prohibition against expressing consent for the future and it is treated as a classical declaration of the patient’s will. According to Article 9 of the European Convention on Bioethics, the physician is obliged to take into consideration the patient’s will expressed in advance. At present, the Polish health system is not capable of ensuring the implementation of a living will signed abroad. The Bill on the Amendment to the Act on Patient Rights and the Patient Rights Spokesman assume the possibility of implementing a living will created in another country. If a patient in New York has a bracelet with the inscription DNR (Do Not Resuscitate), doctors will not attempt to save his life at any cost. Shall the Polish Parliament introduce a similar form of deciding about one’s own life, namely so-called a living will?
18

THE SOCIAL FUNCTION OF THE 'IUS AD VITAM' AND OF THE 'IUS AD SANITATEM' (A ius ad vitam es a ius ad sanitatem tarsadalmi funkcioja)

51%
Julesz M.
Tarsadalomkutatas (Social Science Research)
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2009
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vol. 27
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issue 3
275-297
EN
The study deals with the role of the right to health and that of the right to life in the society. The study is about the function filled, ab ovo, by these two human rights, and about that developed by the inhabitants of the sociosphere in the course of human history. The law-forming activity of the sociosphere's inhabitants, so, first of all that of the mankind, has strongly modified the existence and modus of these two basic rights. As for the 'ius ad vitam' and the 'ius ad sanitatem', our society provides a more or less 'developed' and 'western-type' attitude. However, some digressions show up. All these follow from Hungary's special geopolitical situation, historical background and from the specific characteristics of our society. Life and health are fundamental values, which should not be impaired. Amending these belongs to one of the goals of every democratic government, since society and public administration can be sustained only in synergy with each other. Relativisation of absolute rights solicits a sincere pre-consideration and preparation. The situation of life and health protection should not depend on political or other spiritual tendencies. In the Hungarian (and, more broadly, in the 'western') public thinking, exclusively those views might find place, which do not question the right to life and the right to the highest level of physical and mental health for the individuals and the community. This is to be alpha and omega in every democratic social structure.
19
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Cena za macierzyństwo. Moralno-prawne kontrowersje wokół rodzicielstwa zastępczego

51%
Czekajewska J.
Filo-Sofija
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2009
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vol. 9
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issue 9
189-198
EN
In bioethical literature surrogate maternity is understood as a method within a range of techniques of medically supported procreation. It is not an independent technique of artificial insemination but it is considered as being made up of various ways of supported reproduction. The ethical assessment of surrogate maternity cannot be deprived of moral and legal analysis. The Polish law has not introduced any regulations on the issue so far, thus leaving it without an answer. The aim of my work is to consider social, ethical and deontonomic aspects of the subject matter and in this way to draw attention to its importance and bring it to a discussion leading to the introduction of the appropriate medical and legal regulations.
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