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The Feasts of Boleslaw the Brave

100%
Dygo M.
Kwartalnik Historyczny
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2005
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vol. 112
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issue 3
41-54
EN
The paper focuses on an analysis of information relating to the feasts held by the Polish Duke Boleslaw the Brave (d. 1025), contained in the first Polish chronicle written in 1113-1116/1117 by the so–called Gallus Anonymous. In the opinion of the author the descriptions refer to accounts by the authors of the Gospel - the multiplication of bread by Jesus, the changing of water into wine in Galilee or the Last Supper and the origin of the Eucharist. The ensuing hypothesis suggests that the chronicler portrayed Boleslaw the Brave as 'imago Christi'. The article also recalls that spirituality characteristic for monastic environments, and focused on Christ the King, spread across Western Europe from the middle of the tenth century. Its expansion led to a deprecation of the secular image. The author maintains that the new situation necessitated a revision of the heretofore model of the monarch based on the Old Testament. The ideal, originating from the Carolingian epoch, was replaced by a personal model of the king envisaged as 'imago Christi'. The legend of Bolesław the Brave recorded by Gallus Anonymous entitles us to conclude that Poland too witnessed a reception of a model of a ruler characteristic for the new epoch.
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Boleslaw the Brave as a Frater of the Magdeburg Canons. An Attempt at a New View

100%
Michalowski R.
Kwartalnik Historyczny
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2005
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vol. 112
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issue 3
55-68
EN
The information provided by Thietmar (VI, 33) about the year 1007 indicates that Boleslaw the Brave was a frater of the Magdeburg canons. The author of the article formulates a hypothesis claiming that the brotherly ties had been established in 1000, when the duke arrived in Magdeburg while accompanying Otto III on his return from a pilgrimage to Gniezno where Boleslaw had received from the emperor a copy of the spear of St. Maurice. From that time on, as cooperator imperii he was to invoke on the battlefields the assistance of this particular martyr. Presumably, the post of a Magdeburg canon was to render such help more efficient. By becoming a canon of the local cathedral, Boleslaw also assumed the function of a servant of its patron saint, and consequently could rely on the latter's support. Another Magdeburg canon was Henry II. The author agrees with the opinion that the king of Germany joined the canons prior to 1006, and most probably in 1004. The cited information by Thietmar demonstrates that in 1007, having learnt that Henry had declared war, Boleslaw the Brave severed all ties of brotherhood with Magdeburg and invaded the estates belonging to the cathedral. Since both rulers belonged to the same brotherhood and were encumbered with the duty of mutual love, the Polish duke recognised that Henry's declaration of war was tantamount to breaking the union.
3

Orzeł ukoronowany na denarze Bolesława Chrobrego z legendą "PRINCES POLONIE" - analiza motywu

100%
Kossowski M. D.
Slavia Antiqua: rocznik poświęcony starożytnościom słowiańskim
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2007
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vol. 48
161-188
EN
The article treats of a detailed iconographic analysis of an avifaunal representation on the denarius of Boleslaw the Brave and a determination of the species to which the bird belongs, as well as the establishment what actually is crowning its head. On the basis of iconography of zoomorphic representations beginning with an archaic period, through a classical one, the antique Hellenistic and Roman period as well as early mediaeval, the hitherto concepts, defining the bird as a peacock, cock or a pigeon, have been abandoned. Analyzing the portrayals of birds, we acknowledge that on the denarius of Boleslaw the Brave there is a representation of an eagle, which can only be a species of a Golden Eagle or White-tailed Eagle. The examples of royal crowns of that time and the headgear of the bird betoken that the maker of the coin die imagined royal insignia on the eagle's head, the ones in the type of a four-cornered 'corona radiata'. Original article printed with German abstract.
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